Searches for Neutrinos in the Direction of Radio-bright Blazars with the ANTARES Telescope

Albert, A.; Alves, S.; André, M.; Ardid, M.; Ardid, S.; Aubert, J.-J.; Aublin, J.; Baret, B.; Basa, S.; Becherini, Y.; Belhorma, B.; Bendahman, M.; Benfenati, F.; Bertin, V.; Biagi, S.; Bissinger, M.; Boumaaza, J.; Bouta, M.; Bouwhuis, M. C.; Brânzaş, H.; Bruijn, R.; Brunner, J.; Busto, J.; Caiffi, B.; Calvo, D.; Campion, S.; Capone, A.; Caramete, L.; Carenini, F.; Carr, J.; Carretero, V.; Celli, S.; Cerisy, L.; Chabab, M.; Cherkaoui El Moursli, R.; Chiarusi, T.; Circella, M.; Coelho, J. A. B.; Coleiro, A.; Coniglione, R.; Coyle, P.; Creusot, A.; Cruz, A. S. M.; Díaz, A. F.; De Martino, B.; Distefano, C.; Di Palma, I.; Domi, A.; Donzaud, C.; Dornic, D.; Drouhin, D.; Eberl, T.; van Eeden, T.; van Eijk, D.; El Hedri, S.; El Khayati, N.; Enzenhöfer, A.; Fermani, P.; Ferrara, G.; Filippini, F.; Fusco, L.; Gagliardini, S.; García, J.; Gatius Oliver, C.; Gay, P.; Geißelbrecht, N.; Glotin, H.; Gozzini, R.; Gracia Ruiz, R.; Graf, K.; Guidi, C.; Haegel, L.; Hallmann, S.; van Haren, H.; Heijboer, A. J.; Hello, Y.; Hernández-Rey, J. J.; Hößl, J.; Hofestädt, J.; Huang, F.; Illuminati, G.; James, C. W.; Jisse-Jung, B.; de Jong, M.; de Jong, P.; Kadler, M.; Kalekin, O.; Katz, U.; Kouchner, A.; Kovalev, Y. A; Kovalev, Y. Y; Kreykenbohm, I.; Kulikovskiy, V.; Lahmann, R.; Lamoureux, M.; Lazo, A.; Lefèvre, D.; Leonora, E.; Levi, G.; Le Stum, S.; Lopez-Coto, D.; Loucatos, S.; Maderer, L.; Manczak, J.; Marcelin, M.; Margiotta, A.; Marinelli, A.; Martínez-Mora, J. A.; Migliozzi, P.; Moussa, A.; Muller, R.; Navas, S.; Nezri, E.; Fearraigh, B. Ó; Oukacha, E.; Păun, A.; Păvălaş, G. E.; Peña-Martínez, S.; Perrin-Terrin, M.; Pestel, V.; Piattelli, P.; Plavin, A.; Poirè, C.; Popa, V.; Pradier, T.; Pushkarev, A.; Randazzo, N.; Real, D.; Reck, S.; Riccobene, G.; Romanov, A.; Sánchez-Losa, A.; Saina, A.; Salesa Greus, F.; Samtleben, D. F. E.; Sanguineti, M.; Sapienza, P.; Schnabel, J.; Schumann, J.; Schüssler, F.; Seneca, J.; Spurio, M.; Stolarczyk, Th.; Taiuti, M.; Tayalati, Y.; Tingay, S. J.; Troitsky, S.; Vallage, B.; Vannoye, G.; Van Elewyck, V.; Viola, S.; Vivolo, D.; Wilms, J.; Zavatarelli, S.; Zegarelli, A.; Zornoza, J. D.; Zúñiga, J.; Hovatta, T.; Kiehlmann, S.; Liodakis, I.; Pavlidou, V.; Readhead, A. C. S.; OVRO Collaboration

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad1f5b

Published March 20, 2024 | Version Published

Journal Article Open

Searches for Neutrinos in the Direction of Radio-bright Blazars with the ANTARES Telescope

1. University of Strasbourg
2. University of Upper Alsace
3. University of Valencia
4. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
5. Universitat Politècnica de València
6. Center for Particle Physics of Marseilles
7. Astroparticle and Cosmology Laboratory
8. French National Centre for Scientific Research
9. National Centre for Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology
10. Mohammed V University
11. INFN Sezione di Bologna
12. University of Bologna
13. Laboratori Nazionali del Sud
14. University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
15. Mohamed I University
16. National Institute for Subatomic Physics
17. Institute of Space Science
18. University of Amsterdam
19. INFN Sezione di Genova
20. INFN Sezione di Roma I
21. Sapienza University of Rome
22. Cadi Ayyad University
23. INFN Sezione di Bari
24. International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research
25. University of Granada
26. University of Paris-Saclay
27. University of Salerno
28. University of Clermont Auvergne
29. Laboratoire d'Informatique et Systèmes
30. University of Genoa
31. Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research
32. GeoAzur
33. Leiden University
34. University of Würzburg
35. P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences
36. Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
37. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
38. Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography
39. Université de Toulon
40. INFN Sezione di Catania
41. Institut de Recherche sur les Lois Fondamentales de l'Univers
42. INFN Sezione di Napoli
43. University of Naples Federico II
44. Harvard University
45. Institute for Nuclear Research
46. Lomonosov Moscow State University
47. Institut Universitaire de France
48. University of Turku
49. Aalto University
50. FORTH Institute of Astrophysics
51. University of Crete
52. California Institute of Technology

Active galaxies, especially blazars, are among the most promising extragalactic candidates for high-energy neutrino sources. To date, ANTARES searches included these objects and used GeV–TeV γ-ray flux to select blazars. Here, a statistically complete blazar sample selected by their bright radio emission is used as the target for searches of origins of neutrinos collected by the ANTARES neutrino telescope over 13 yr of operation. The hypothesis of a neutrino–blazar directional correlation is tested by pair counting and a complementary likelihood-based approach. The resulting posttrial p-value is 3.0% (2.2σ in the two-sided convention). Additionally, a time-dependent analysis is performed to search for temporal clustering of neutrino candidates as a means of detecting neutrino flares in blazars. None of the investigated sources alone reaches a significant flare detection level. However, the presence of 18 sources with a pretrial significance above 3σ indicates a p = 1.4% (2.5σ in the two-sided convention) detection of a time-variable neutrino flux. An a posteriori investigation reveals an intriguing temporal coincidence of neutrino, radio, and γ-ray flares of the J0242+1101 blazar at a p = 0.5% (2.9σ in the two-sided convention) level. Altogether, the results presented here suggest a possible connection of neutrino candidates detected by the ANTARES telescope with radio-bright blazars.

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© 2024. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

Acknowledgement

We thank Eduardo Ros for helpful comments on the manuscript. This research has made use of data from the OVRO 40 m monitoring program, supported by private funding from the California Institute of Technology and the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, and by NASA grants NNX08AW31G, NNX11A043G, and NNX14AQ89G and NSF grants AST-0808050 and AST-1109911.

The authors acknowledge the financial support of the funding agencies: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Commission Européenne (FEDER fund and Marie Curie Program), LabEx UnivEarthS (ANR-10-LABX-0023 and ANR-18-IDEX-0001), Région Alsace (contrat CPER), Région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Département du Var and Ville de La Seyne-sur-Mer, France; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Germany; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy; Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), the Netherlands; Executive Unit for Financing Higher Education, Research, Development and Innovation (UEFISCDI), Romania; grants PID2021-124591NB-C41, -C42, -C43 funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and, as appropriate, by "ERDF A way of making Europe," by the "European Union" or by the "European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR," Programa de Planes Complementarios I+D+I (refs. ASFAE/2022/023, ASFAE/2022/014), Programa Prometeo (PROMETEO/2020/019) and GenT (refs. CIDEGENT/2018/034, /2019/043, /2020/049. /2021/23) of the Generalitat Valenciana, EU: MSC program (ref. 101025085), Spain; Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Innovation, Morocco; and the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development, Kuwait. We also acknowledge the technical support of Ifremer, AIM, and Foselev Marine for the sea operation and the CC-IN2P3 for the computing facilities. Y.Y.K. acknowledges support from the M2FINDERS project, which has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (grant agreement No. 101018682). T.H. was supported by the Academy of Finland projects 317383, 320085, 322535, and 345899. S.K. acknowledges support from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 771282.

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ISSN: 1538-4357

California Institute of Technology
Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NNX08AW31G
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NNX11A043G
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NNX14AQ89G
National Science Foundation
AST-0808050
National Science Foundation
AST-1109911
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives
European Commission
European Regional Development Fund
European Research Council
Marie Skłodowska-Curie Fellowship
Agence Nationale de la Recherche
ANR-10-LABX-0023
Agence Nationale de la Recherche
ANR-18-IDEX-0001
Délégation Alsace
Conseil Régional Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Federal Ministry of Education and Research
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Dutch Research Council
Unitatea Executiva Pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior a Cercetarii Dezvoltarii si Inovarii
Agencia Estatal de Investigación
PID2021-124591NB-C41
Agencia Estatal de Investigación
PID2021-124591NB-C42
Agencia Estatal de Investigación
PID2021-124591NB-C43
Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades
MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033
European Research Council
ASFAE/2022/023
European Research Council
ASFAE/2022/014
Agencia Estatal de Investigación
PROMETEO/2020/019
Generalitat Valenciana
CIDEGENT/2018/034
Generalitat Valenciana
CIDEGENT/2019/043
Generalitat Valenciana
CIDEGENT/2020/049
Generalitat Valenciana
CIDEGENT/2021/23
Ministry of National Education, Vocational Training, Higher Education and Scientific Research
European Research Council
101018682
Research Council of Finland
317383
Research Council of Finland
320085
Research Council of Finland
322535
Research Council of Finland
345899
European Research Council
771282

Caltech groups: Astronomy Department, Owens Valley Radio Observatory

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Searches for Neutrinos in the Direction of Radio-bright Blazars with the ANTARES Telescope

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