Searching for magnetar binaries disrupted by core-collapse supernovae
Abstract
Core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) are considered the primary magnetar formation channel, with 15 magnetars associated with supernova remnants (SNRs). A large fraction of these should occur in massive stellar binaries that are disrupted by the explosion, meaning that ~45 per cent of magnetars should be nearby high-velocity stars. Here, we conduct a multiwavelength search for unbound stars, magnetar binaries, and SNR shells using public optical (uvgrizy bands), infrared (J, H, K, and Ks bands), and radio (888 MHz, 1.4 GHz, and 3 GHz) catalogues. We use Monte Carlo analyses of candidates to estimate the probability of association with a given magnetar based on their proximity, distance, proper motion, and magnitude. In addition to recovering a proposed magnetar binary, a proposed unbound binary, and 13 of 15 magnetar SNRs, we identify two new candidate unbound systems: an OB star from the Gaia catalogue we associate with SGR J1822.3−1606, and an X-ray pulsar we associate with 3XMM J185246.6 + 003317. Using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation that assumes all magnetars descend from CCSNe, we constrain the fraction of magnetars with unbound companions to 5 ≾ f_u ≾ 24 per cent, which disagrees with neutron star population synthesis results. Alternate formation channels are unlikely to wholly account for the lack of unbound binaries as this would require 31 ≾ f_(nc) ≾ 66 per cent of magnetars to descend from such channels. Our results support a high fraction (48 ≾ f_M ≾ 86 per cent) of pre-CCSN mergers, which can amplify fossil magnetic fields to preferentially form magnetars.
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Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank the members of the DSA-110 team for their support and insight with regards to this search effort. The authors thank staff members of the Owens Valley Radio Observatory and the Caltech radio group, including Kristen Bernasconi, Stephanie Cha-Ramos, Sarah Harnach, Tom Klinefelter, Lori McGraw, Corey Posner, Andres Rizo, Michael Virgin, Scott White, and Thomas Zentmyer. Their tireless efforts were instrumental to the success of the DSA-110. The DSA-110 is supported by the National Science Foundation Mid-Scale Innovations Program in Astronomical Sciences (MSIP) under grant AST-1836018. The authors would also like to thank Casey Law, Alexa Gordon, Alice Curtin, Maxim Lyutikov, and an anonymous referee for their insightful discussions and feedback on the early draft of this manuscript. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under grant no. DGE–1745301.
The PS1 Surveys and the PS1 public science archive have been made possible through contributions by the Institute for Astronomy, the University of Hawaii, the Pan-STARRS Project Office, the Max-Planck Society and its participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, The Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the University of Edinburgh, the Queen’s University Belfast, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the National Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under grant no. NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation grant no. AST-1238877, the University of Maryland, Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE), the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. The UKIDSS project is defined in Lawrence et al. (2007). The national facility capability for SkyMapper has been funded through ARC LIEF grant LE130100104 from the Australian Research Council, awarded to the University of Sydney, the Australian National University, Swinburne University of Technology, the University of Queensland, the University of Western Australia, the University of Melbourne, Curtin University of Technology, Monash University and the Australian Astronomical Observatory. SkyMapper is owned and operated by The Australian National University’s Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics. The survey data were processed and provided by the SkyMapper Team at ANU. The SkyMapper node of the All-Sky Virtual Observatory (ASVO) is hosted at the National Computational Infrastructure (NCI). Development and support of the SkyMapper node of the ASVO has been funded in part by Astronomy Australia Limited (AAL) and the Australian Government through the Commonwealth’s Education Investment Fund (EIF) and National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS), particularly the National eResearch Collaboration Tools and Resources (NeCTAR) and the Australian National Data Service Projects (NDS).
UKIDSS uses the UKIRT Wide Field Camera (WFCAM; Casali et al. 2007). The photometric system is described in Hewett et al. (2006), and the calibration is described in Hodgkin et al. (2009). The pipeline processing and science archive are described in Irwin et al. (2004) and Hambly et al. (2008). The VISTA Data Flow System pipeline processing and science archive are described in Irwin et al. (2004), Hambly et al. (2008) and Cross et al. (2012). We have used data from the fifth DR of the VVV Survey, which is described in detail in Nikzat et al. (2022), and the VIRAC, described in detail in Smith et al. (2018). This publication makes use of data products from the 2MASS, which is a joint project of the University of Massachusetts and the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation.
This work also uses data obtained from Inyarrimanha Ilgari Bundara/the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory. We acknowledge the Wajarri Yamaji People as the Traditional Owners and native title holders of the Observatory site. CSIRO’s ASKAP radio telescope is part of the Australia Telescope National Facility (https://ror.org/05qajvd42). Operation of ASKAP is funded by the Australian Government with support from the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy. ASKAP uses the resources of the Pawsey Supercomputing Research Centre. Establishment of ASKAP, Inyarrimanha Ilgari Bundara, the CSIRO Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory and the Pawsey Supercomputing Research Centre are initiatives of the Australian Government, with support from the Government of Western Australia and the Science and Industry Endowment Fund. This paper includes archived data obtained through the CSIRO ASKAP Science Data Archive, CASDA (https://data.csiro.au). This work has utilized data from the LoTSS survey and image archive, which is described in detail in Shimwell et al. (2022). This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia (https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement. This research has made use of the CIRADA cutout service at cutouts.cirada.ca, operated by the CIRADA. CIRADA is funded by a grant from the Canada Foundation for Innovation 2017 Innovation Fund (project 35999), as well as by the Provinces of Ontario, British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, and Quebec, in collaboration with the National Research Council of Canada, the US NRAO and Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific, and Industrial Research Organisation.
Data Availability
The data underlying this article, including the magnetar parameters in Tables 1 and 2 as well as derived values and p-values for each optical, IR, and radio source included in the search, are available in machine-readable format in the CaltechDATA repository, at https://doi.org/10.22002/ry8ae-gn532.
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Additional details
- National Science Foundation
- AST-1836018
- National Science Foundation
- DGE-1745301
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- NNX08AR22G
- National Science Foundation
- AST-1238877
- Australian Research Council
- LE130100104
- Accepted
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2024-05-14
- Available
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2024-05-17Published
- Available
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2024-05-30Corrected and typeset
- Caltech groups
- Astronomy Department, Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy (PMA)
- Publication Status
- Published