Piezochromic Behavior of 2,4,6‐Triphenylpyrylium Tetrachloroferrate
Abstract
In advanced photonics, there is a growing interest in piezochromic luminescent materials that exhibit multicolor switching, driven by their potential applications in optical recording, memory, and sensors. Here, the piezochromic behavior of 2,4,6-triphenylpyrylium tetrachloroferrate (Py-FeCl4) under high pressures from 0 to 9 GPa is reported. The observed multicolor changing properties of Py-FeCl4 (yellow–orange–red–maroon–black) are found to be fully reversible upon decompression to ambient conditions. The mechanism of Py-FeCl4 piezochromism is investigated via Raman, infrared, and UV–vis spectroscopy combined with powder X-ray Diffraction. The absence of structural phase transitions as well as the abrupt shifts of bandgap values together with characteristic Raman and IR peaks within 0-9 GPa suggests that the Py-FeCl4 multicoloring switching behavior is driven by an electron transfer between the inorganic FeCl4− anion and the organic pyrylium cation. The obtained results demonstrate that Py-FeCl4 dye is a good candidate for developing high-pressure sensing technologies designed to function in extreme environments. Moreover, due to the inherent role of molecular-structure relationships in the pyrylium salt's photophysical properties, findings suggest the potential discovery of piezochromic behavior in other pyrylium compounds.
Copyright and License
© 2024 The Authors. Small Science published by Wiley-VCH GmbH. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Acknowledgement
The authors gratefully acknowledge support from the U. S. Department of Energy, the Basic Energy Sciences (BES) program, under award number DE-SC0023248. A portion of this work was performed at HPCAT (Sector 16), APS, Argonne National Laboratory. HPCAT operations are supported by DOE-NNSA's Office of Experimental Sciences. The Advanced Photon Source is a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science User Facility operated for the DOE Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory under contract no. DE-AC02-06CH11357. Part of the research described in this article was performed at the Canadian Light Source, a national research facility of the University of Saskatchewan, which was supported by the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC), the National Research Council (NRC), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), the Government of Saskatchewan, and the University of Saskatchewan. E.E. and P.K.B. sincerely acknowledge the financial support of an industrial sponsored project supported by Koshee Company, Las Vegas, USA. P.K.B. sincerely acknowledges the Knowledge Fund that is administered by the Nevada Governor's Office of Economic Development (GOED) and University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV). H.H. sincerely acknowledges the Faculty Opportunity Award (FOA) that is administered by the Office of Sponsored Programs (OSP) at UNLV. The publication fees for this article were suported by the UNLV University Libraries Open Article Fund and by the UNLV Graduate & Professional Student Association.
Data Availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Additional details
- ISSN
- 2688-4046
- United States Department of Energy
- DE-SC0023248
- United States Department of Energy
- DE-AC02-06CH11357
- Canada Foundation for Innovation
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council
- National Research Council Canada
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Government of Saskatchewan
- University of Saskatchewan
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas
- Caltech groups
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences