Decoding motor plans using a closed-loop ultrasonic brain–machine interface

Copyright and License

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Acknowledgement

We thank K. Pejsa for assistance with animal care, surgeries and training. We thank C. Rabut and L. Lin for helpful discussions. We thank K. Passanante for her illustrations. W.S.G. was supported by an NEI F30 (NEI F30 EY032799), the Josephine de Karman Fellowship and the UCLA-Caltech MSTP (NIGMS T32 GM008042). S.L.N. was supported by the Della Martin Foundation. G.C. was supported by an NINDS T32 (T32 NS105595). This research was supported by the National Institute of Health BRAIN Initiative (grant 1R01NS123663-01 to R.A.A., M.G.S. and M.T.), the T&C Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center and the Boswell Foundation (R.A.A.). M.G.S. is an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

Contributions

These authors contributed equally: Whitney S. Griggs, Sumner L. Norman.

W.S.G., S.L.N., V.C., M.T., M.G.S. and R.A.A. conceived the study. S.L.N. established the fUS neuroimaging sequences and T.D., B.-F.O., F.S. and M.T. wrote the acquisition software for 2-Hz real-time fUS neuroimaging. W.S.G. and S.L.N. wrote the code for the fUS-BMI. W.S.G. trained the monkeys and acquired the data. W.S.G., S.L.N. and G.C. performed the data processing and analysis. W.S.G. and S.L.N. drafted the manuscript with substantial contributions from M.G.S. and R.A.A., and all authors edited and approved the final version of the manuscript. V.C., C.L., M.T., M.G.S. and R.A.A. supervised the research.

Data Availability

Key data used in this paper are archived at https://doi.org/10.22002/pa710-cdn95.

Code Availability

Code used to generate key figures and results is available at https://github.com/wsgriggs2/rt_fUS_BMI and archived at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8414598.

Conflict of Interest

B.-F.O. is an employee of Iconeus. T.D., B.-F.O. and M.T. are co-founders and shareholders of Iconeus, which commercializes ultrasonic neuroimaging scanners. S.L.N. is the co-founder and CEO of Forest Neurotech, a nonprofit research organization creating tools for neuroscience and clinical research. The other authors declare no competing interests.