Welcome to the new version of CaltechAUTHORS. Login is currently restricted to library staff. If you notice any issues, please email coda@library.caltech.edu
Published July 10, 2024 | in press
Journal Article Open

A benchmark JWST near-infrared spectrum for the exoplanet WASP-39 b

Abstract

Observing exoplanets through transmission spectroscopy supplies detailed information about their atmospheric composition, physics and chemistry. Before the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), these observations were limited to a narrow wavelength range across the near-ultraviolet to near-infrared, alongside broadband photometry at longer wavelengths. To understand more complex properties of exoplanet atmospheres, improved wavelength coverage and resolution are necessary to robustly quantify the influence of a broader range of absorbing molecular species. Here we present a combined analysis of JWST transmission spectroscopy across four different instrumental modes spanning 0.5–5.2 μm using Early Release Science observations of the Saturn-mass exoplanet WASP-39 b. Our uniform analysis constrains the orbital and stellar parameters within subpercentage precision, including matching the precision obtained by the most precise asteroseismology measurements of stellar density to date, and it further confirms the presence of Na, K, H2O, CO, CO2 and SO2 as atmospheric absorbers. Through this process, we have improved the agreement between the transmission spectra of all modes, except for the NIRSpec PRISM, which is affected by partial saturation of the detector. This work provides strong evidence that uniform light curve analysis is an important aspect to ensuring reliability when comparing the high-precision transmission spectra provided by JWST.

Copyright and License

© The Author(s) 2024. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Acknowledgement

This work is based on observations made with NASA/ESA/CSA JWST. The data were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc, under NASA contract NAS 5-03127 for JWST. These observations are associated with programme JWST-ERS-01366. Support for programme JWST-ERS-01366 was provided by NASA through a grant from the Space Telescope Science Institute. This work is based in part on data collected under the NGTS project at the European Southern Observatory’s La Silla Paranal Observatory. The NGTS facility is operated by a consortium of institutes with support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (Projects ST/M001962/1, ST/ S002642/1 and ST/W003163/1). L.W., J.D.T., M.M. and D.P. are or were NHFP Sagan Fellows. B.V.R. was a 51 Pegasi b Fellow. J.K. is an Imperial College Research Fellow. T.D. is an LSSTC Catalyst Fellow.

Contributions

All authors played a substantial role in one or more of the following: developing the original proposal, managing the project, defining the target list and observation plan, analysing the data, theoretical modelling or preparaing this paper. Some specific contributions are listed as follows. N.B., J.L.B., Z.K.B-T., I.J.M.C., J.M.D., L.K., M.L., D.K.S., K.B.S. and H.R.W provided overall programme leadership and management. D.K.S., E.M.-R.K., H.R.W., I.J.M.C., J.L.B., K.B.S., L.K., M.L.-M., M.L., N.M.B., V.P. and Z.K.B.-T. made substantial contributions to the design of the programme. K.B.S. generated the observing plan with input from the team. B.B., E.M.R.K., H.R.W., I.J.M.C., J.L.B., L.K., M.L.-M., M.L., N.M.B. and Z.K.B.-T. led or co-led working groups or contributed to substantial strategic planning efforts, such as the design and implementation of the prelaunch data challenges. A.L.C., D.K.S., E.S., N.E., N.P.G. and V.P. generated the simulated data for the prelaunch testing of the methods. A.L.C. and E.M.M. co-led the data synthesis effort, light curve generation, spectroscopic light curve fitting, limb-darkening investigation, saturation investigation and production of the planetary spectrum. E.A., L.A., A.D.F., D.G., M.R., Z.R. and K.B.S. contributed substantially to the generation of, and provided, the spectral time series that were used in this paper. N.E., R.B., R.O., G.M. and J.T. performed the white light curve fitting. L.W. and M.L. generated the theoretical model for comparison with the data. A.L.C., E.M.M., N.E. and L.W. made substantial contributions to the writing of this paper. A.L.C. and E.M.M. generated the figures for this paper.

Data Availability

The data used in this paper are associated with JWST programme ERS 1366 (observations 1–4) and are available from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (https://mast.stsci.edu). Specific data products for the time series spectra, white and spectroscopic light curve fits, transmission spectra and model spectrum are available via Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10161743 (ref. 59).

Extended Data Fig. 1 Median out-of-transit stellar spectra for WASP-39 in units of photoelectrons recorded at the detector.

Extended Data Fig. 2 Best-fit orbital parameters for WASP-39b (a-e) and the radial velocity measurements (f).

Extended Data Fig. 3 The achieved transit depth precision (a) and resolving power (b) across all datasets.

Extended Data Fig. 4 Comparison between the transmission spectra under different binning schemes and limb-darkening approaches for each instrumental mode.

Extended Data Fig. 5 Comparison of JWST instrumental modes across their overlapping wavelength regions.

Extended Data Fig. 6 Differences in counts between neighboring groups after the non-linearity correction.

Extended Data Fig. 7 Analysis of excess flux relative to the nominal 5-group spectrum.

Extended Data Fig. 8 Comparison of NIRISS SOSS to NIRSpec PRISM before and after the estimated dilution correction.

Extended Data Table 1 Overview of JWST observations

Extended Data Table 2 Offsets between spectra

Code Availability

This publication made use of the following code software to analyse these data: NumPy (ref. 60), matplotlib (ref. 61), SciPy (ref. 62), pandas (ref. 63,64), Batman (ref. 48), emcee (ref. 50), Exotic-LD (ref. 49), dynesty (ref. 46,65), SpectRes (ref. 66), juliet (ref. 29) and Eureka! (ref. 22).

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Files

s41550-024-02292-x.pdf
Files (4.9 MB)
Name Size Download all
md5:c63417d897d14eba81ca48bb2033d630
3.6 MB Preview Download
md5:c9bbf72b3bdf99f67935401a06cb415c
136.3 kB Preview Download
md5:f7c159200a8c7ef9be36bf704916587a
102.5 kB Preview Download
md5:b572b38dc278b6126edd5420d5d02fe3
52.2 kB Preview Download
md5:37b71a61ca76fd1532412bef5f1d50e1
137.2 kB Preview Download
md5:b323112f5047905c9360e004ab9b16a9
76.3 kB Preview Download
md5:0fd200de96116a05dd02f720af0fa9d1
180.3 kB Preview Download
md5:4b10e3c583b65a2b5e885a9bce12a257
63.2 kB Preview Download
md5:d929189caba57bdaf77ea83eadac28c1
54.9 kB Preview Download
md5:a7e7bb73bff5200028d91b7a713d1280
365.8 kB Preview Download
md5:a55f2e589e3ecf56c5f601c82452a773
114.3 kB Preview Download

Additional details

Created:
July 11, 2024
Modified:
July 11, 2024