Two Warm Super-Earths Transiting the Nearby M Dwarf TOI-2095

Creators: Quintana, Elisa V.¹; Gilbert, Emily A.²; Barclay, Thomas^{1, 3}; Silverstein, Michele L.^{1, 3}; Schlieder, Joshua E.¹; Cloutier, Ryan⁴; Quinn, Samuel N.⁵; Rodriguez, Joseph E.⁶; Vanderburg, Andrew⁷; Hord, Benjamin J.^{1, 8}; Louie, Dana R.^{1, 9}; Ostberg, Colby¹⁰; Kane, Stephen R.¹⁰; Hoffman, Kelsey^{11, 12}; Rowe, Jason F.¹²; Arney, Giada N.¹; Saxena, Prabal¹; Richardson, Taran¹³; Clement, Matthew S.^{14, 15}; Kartvedt, Nicholas M.¹⁶; Adams, Fred C.¹⁷; Alfred, Marcus¹³; Berger, Travis¹; Bieryla, Allyson⁵; Bonney, Paul¹⁸; Boyd, Patricia¹; Cadieux, Charles¹⁹; Caldwell, Douglas²⁰; Ciardi, David R.^{21, 22}; Charbonneau, David⁵; Collins, Karen A.⁵; Colón, Knicole D.¹; Conti, Dennis M.²³; Di Sora, Mario²⁴; Domagal-Goldman, Shawn¹; Dotson, Jessie²⁰; Fauchez, Thomas¹; Gonzales, Erica J.²⁵; Günther, Maximilian N.²⁶; Hedges, Christina^{1, 3}; Isopi, Giovanni²⁴; Kohler, Erika¹; Kopparapu, Ravi¹; Kostov, Veselin B.¹; Larsen, Jeffrey A.¹⁶; Lopez, Eric¹; Mallia, Franco²⁴; Mandell, Avi¹; Mullally, Susan E.²⁷; Paudel, Rishi R.^{1, 3}; Powell, Brian P.¹; Ricker, George R.⁷; Safonov, Boris S.²⁸; Schwarz, Richard P.⁵; Sefako, Ramotholo²⁹; Stassun, Keivan G.^{30, 31}; Wilson, Robert¹; Winn, Joshua N.³²; Vanderspek, Roland K.⁷

1. Goddard Space Flight Center
2. Jet Propulsion Lab
3. University of Maryland, Baltimore
4. McMaster University
5. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
6. Michigan State University
7. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
8. University of Maryland, College Park
9. NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellow.
10. University of California, Riverside
11. Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
12. Bishop's University
13. Howard University
14. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
15. Carnegie Institution for Science
16. United States Naval Academy
17. University of Michigan–Ann Arbor
18. University of Arkansas at Fayetteville
19. University of Montreal
20. Ames Research Center
21. Infrared Processing and Analysis Center
22. California Institute of Technology
23. American Association of Variable Star Observers
24. Osservatorio Astronomico di Campo Catino
25. University of California, Santa Cruz
26. European Space Research and Technology Centre
27. Space Telescope Science Institute
28. Lomonosov Moscow State University
29. South African Radio Astronomy Observatory
30. Vanderbilt University
31. Fisk University
32. Princeton University

Abstract

We report the detection and validation of two planets orbiting TOI-2095 (TIC 235678745). The host star is a 3700 K M1V dwarf with a high proper motion. The star lies at a distance of 42 pc in a sparsely populated portion of the sky and is bright in the infrared (K = 9). With data from 24 sectors of observation during Cycles 2 and 4 of the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, TOI-2095 exhibits two sets of transits associated with super-Earth-sized planets. The planets have orbital periods of 17.7 days and 28.2 days and radii of 1.30 R_⊕ and 1.39 R_⊕, respectively. Archival data, preliminary follow-up observations, and vetting analyses support the planetary interpretation of the detected transit signals. The pair of planets have estimated equilibrium temperatures of approximately 400 K, with stellar insolations of 3.23 and 1.73 S_⊕, placing them in the Venus zone. The planets also lie in a radius regime signaling the transition between rock-dominated and volatile-rich compositions. They are thus prime targets for follow-up mass measurements to better understand the properties of warm, transition-radius planets. The relatively long orbital periods of these two planets provide crucial data that can help shed light on the processes that shape the composition of small planets orbiting M dwarfs.

Copyright and License

Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

Acknowledgement

We are thankful for support from GSFC Sellers Exoplanet Environments Collaboration (SEEC), which is funded by the NASA Planetary Science Division's Internal Scientist Funding Model. The material is based upon work supported by NASA under award number 80GSFC21M0002. Additionally, a portion of this work was supported by NASA's Astrophysics Data Analysis Program through grant 20-ADAP20-0016. This research was carried out in part at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NM0018D0004). B.J.H. acknowledges support from the Future Investigators in NASA Earth and Space Science and Technology (FINESST) program grant 80NSSC20K1551. T.A.B.'s and D.R.L.'s research activities were supported by an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities under contract with NASA. K.A.C. acknowledges support from the TESS mission via subaward s3449 from MIT.

This paper includes data collected by the TESS mission, which are publicly available from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST). Funding for the TESS mission is provided by NASA's Science Mission Directorate. We acknowledge the use of public TESS Alert data from pipelines at the TESS Science Office and at the TESS Science Processing Operations Center. Resources supporting this work were provided by the NASA High-End Computing (HEC) Program through the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division at Ames Research Center for the production of the SPOC data products. This research has made use of the Exoplanet Follow-up Observation Program website, which is operated by the California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Exoplanet Exploration Program. This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia (https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC; https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium). Data presented herein were obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W. M. Keck Foundation. The authors acknowledge the USNA Advanced Research Computing Support (ARCS) office (https://www.usna.edu/ARCS/) which was made available for conducting the research reported in this paper. The material is based upon work supported by NASA under award No. 80GSFC21M0002. This work makes use of observations from the LCOGT network. Part of the LCOGT telescope time was granted by NOIRLab through the Mid-Scale Innovations Program (MSIP). MSIP is funded by NSF.

This research has made use of the NASA Exoplanet Archive, which is operated by the California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Exoplanet Exploration Program. This research has made use of the Exoplanet Follow-up Observation Program (ExoFOP; DOI: 10.26134/ExoFOP5) website, which is operated by the California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Exoplanet Exploration Program.

Facilities

TESS - , LCOGT (Sinistro) - Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope, OMM:1.6 - , Keck:II (NIRC2) - KECK II Telescope, FLWO:1.5m (TRES) - , Exoplanet Archive - , ExoFOP - , Gaia -

Software References

Arviz (Kumar et al. 2019), AstroImageJ (Collins et al. 2017), astropy (Astropy Collaboration et al. 2013, 2018), celerite2 (Foreman-Mackey et al. 2017; Foreman-Mackey2018), exoplanet (Foreman-Mackey et al. 2021), DAVE (Kostov et al. 2019), IPython (Perez & Granger 2007), Jupyter (Kluyver et al. 2016), Lightkurve (Lightkurve Collaboration et al. 1812), Matplotlib (Hunter 2007), Mercury6 (Chambers 1999), NumPy (van der Walt et al. 2011), Pandas (McKinney et al. 2010), PyMC3 (Salvatier et al. 2016), STARRY (Luger et al. 2019; Agol et al. 2020), Tapir (Jensen 2013), Theano (Theano Development Team 2016), TRICERATOPS (Giacalone et al. 2020), vespa (Morton 2012, 2015).

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