Giant Outer Transiting Exoplanet Mass (GOT 'EM) Survey. V. Two Giant Planets in Kepler-511 but Only One Ran Away

Copyright and License

© 2025. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.
Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

Acknowledgement

The authors recognize the cultural significance and sanctity that the summit of Maunakea has within the indigenous Hawaiian community. We are deeply grateful to have the opportunity to conduct observations from this mountain. We acknowledge the impact of our presence there and the ongoing efforts to preserve this special place.

The authors thank all of the observers in the California Planet Search team for their many hours of hard work in collecting the RVs published here. We thank an anonymous referee for their constructive comments, especially regarding the nature of the host star, that led us to sharpen our analysis. The authors are grateful to Jonathan Fortney, Sarah Millholland, and Yanqin Wu for helpful conversations about this planetary system. We are particularly indebted to Adam Kraus for an enlightening and extremely useful exchange on the possible binarity of this system. Part of this research was conducted at the Other Worlds Laboratory Summer Program 2022 at UC Santa Cruz, which is generously supported by the Heising-Simons Foundation. P.D. acknowledges support by a 51 Pegasi b Postdoctoral Fellowship from the Heising-Simons Foundation and by a National Science Foundation (NSF) Astronomy and Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellowship under award AST-1903811. M.P. gratefully acknowledges NASA award 80NSSC22M0024.

This research has made use of the NASA Exoplanet Archive, which is operated by the California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Exoplanet Exploration Program. This paper includes data collected by the Kepler mission and obtained from the MAST data archive at the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). Funding for the Kepler mission is provided by the NASA Science Mission Directorate. STScI is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-26555. This research has made use of the Exoplanet Follow-up Observation Program (ExoFOP; DOI:10.26134/ExoFOP5) website, which is operated by the California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Exoplanet Exploration Program.

Some of the data presented herein were obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California, and NASA. The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W. M. Keck Foundation. Some of the Keck data were obtained under PI Data awards 2013A and 2013B (M. Payne).

Facilities

Keck:I - KECK I Telescope (HIRES), Kepler - The Kepler Mission.

Software References

astropy (Astropy Collaboration et al. 2013, 2018), corner (D. Foreman-Mackey 2016), EXOFASTv2 (J. Eastman et al. 2013; J. Eastman 2017; J. D. Eastman et al. 2019), lightkurve (Lightkurve Collaboration et al. 2018), RadVel (B. J. Fulton et al. 2018) SpecMatch (E. A. Petigura 2015; E. A. Petigura et al. 2017), pymc3 (J. Salvatier et al. 2016), theano (Theano Development Team et al. 2016), REBOUND (H. Rein & S. F. Liu 2012), SPOCK (D. Tamayo et al. 2020), exoplanet (E. Agol et al. 2020; D. M. Kipping 2013; D. Foreman-Mackey et al. 2021a, 2021b), celerite2 (D. Foreman-Mackey et al. 2017; D. Foreman-Mackey 2018), starry (R. Luger et al. 2019), arviZ (R. Kumar et al. 2019).