Grains of ice are formed spontaneously when water vapor is injected into a weakly ionized laboratory plasma in which the background gas has been cooled to cryogenic temperatures comparable to those of deep space. These ice grains are levitated indefinitely within the plasma so that their time evolution can be observed under free-floating conditions. Using microscope imaging, ice grains are shown to have a spindle-like fractal structure and grow over time. Both crystalline and amorphous phases of ice are observed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. A mix of crystalline and amorphous grains coexists under certain thermal conditions, and a linear mixing model is used on the ice absorption band surrounding 3.2 μm to examine the ice phase composition and its temporal stability. The extinction spectrum is also affected by inelastic scattering as grains grow, and characteristic grain radii are obtained from Mie scattering theory and compared to size measurements from direct imaging. Observations are used to compare possible ice nucleation mechanisms, and it is concluded that nucleation is likely catalyzed by ions, as ice does not nucleate in the absence of plasma and impurities are not detected. Ice grain properties and infrared extinction spectra show similarity to observations of some astrophysical ices observed in protoplanetary disks, implying that the fractal morphology of the ice and observed processes of homogeneous ice nucleation could occur as well in such astrophysical environments with weakly ionized conditions.
Phase and Morphology of Water-ice Grains Formed in a Cryogenic Laboratory Plasma
Abstract
Copyright and License
© 2024. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Acknowledgement
Experimental work is supported by the NSF/DOE Partnership in Basic Plasma Science and Engineering via USDOE award DE-SC0020079 and by NSF award 2308558. The contribution from M.S.G. was supported through funding from NASA DDAP and JPL's JROC programs and was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NM0018D0004). We thank Dr. Zhehui Wang at Los Alamos National Laboratory for the loan of a residual gas analyzer, obtained with support from USDOE Fusion Energy Sciences.
Files
Name | Size | Download all |
---|---|---|
md5:130c942af001362f7e54a3e98f9f4021
|
2.2 MB | Preview Download |
Additional details
- ISSN
- 1538-4357
- United States Department of Energy
- DE-SC0020079
- National Science Foundation
- PHY-2308558
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- 80NM0018D0004