How many gravitational-wave observations from double compact object mergers have we seen to date? This seemingly simple question surprisingly yields a somewhat ambiguous answer that depends on the chosen data-analysis pipeline, detection threshold, and other underlying assumptions. To illustrate this we provide visualizations of the number of existing detections from double compact object mergers by the end of the third observing run (O3) based on recent results from the literature. Additionally, we visualize the expected number of observations from future-generation detectors, highlighting the possibility of up to millions of detections per year by the time next-generation ground-based detectors like Cosmic Explorer and Einstein Telescope come online. We present a publicly available code that highlights the exponential growth in gravitational-wave observations in the coming decades and the exciting prospects of gravitational-wave (astro)physics.
Visualizing the Number of Existing and Future Gravitational-wave Detections from Merging Double Compact Objects
Abstract
Acknowledgement
F.S.B. is grateful for the many suggestions and feedback received for this work from a list of people including Will Farr, Edo Berger, Carl-Johan Haster, Karan Jani, Alex Nitz, Soheb Mandhai, Eric Thrane, Ilya Mandel, Yvette Cendes, Maryam Hussaini, and Lieke van Son. All authors especially like to thank Christopher Berry for many discussions and feedback. We thank the anonymous referee for the insightful and valuable comments on the manuscript. F.S.B. was supported by NASA FINESST scholarship 80NSSC22K1601, awarded to the President and Fellows of Harvard College. F.S.B. is also grateful for the support on visualizing research received through the Harvard Horizons Scholarship program. F.S.B. is also supported by Simons Foundation award 1141468 hosted at Columbia University. LIGO was constructed by the California Institute of Technology and Massachusetts Institute of Technology with funding from the National Science Foundation and operates under cooperative agreement PHY-1764464 . This paper carries LIGO Document Number LIGO-P2300435. This research has made use of data or software obtained from the Gravitational Wave Open Science Center (http://gwosc.org), a service of the LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, and KAGRA. This material is based upon work supported by NSF's LIGO Laboratory, which is a major facility fully funded by the National Science Foundation, as well as the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) of the United Kingdom, the Max-Planck-Society (MPS), and the State of Niedersachsen/Germany for support of the construction of Advanced LIGO and construction and operation of the GEO600 detector. Additional support for Advanced LIGO was provided by the Australian Research Council. Virgo is funded, through the European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), by the French Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), and the Dutch Nikhef, with contributions by institutions from Belgium, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Japan, Monaco, Poland, Portugal, and Spain. KAGRA is supported by Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) in Japan; National Research Foundation (NRF) and Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) in Korea; and Academia Sinica (AS) and National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) in Taiwan.
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Additional details
- ISSN
- 1538-4357
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- NASA Earth and Space Science and Technology Fellowship 80NSSC22K1601
- Harvard University
- Simons Foundation
- 1141468
- National Science Foundation
- PHY-1764464
- Science and Technology Facilities Council
- Max Planck Society
- Australian Research Council
- European Gravitational Observatory
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
- National Institute for Subatomic Physics
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- National Research Foundation of Korea
- Ministry of Science and ICT
- Academia Sinica
- National Science and Technology Council
- Caltech groups
- LIGO
- Other Numbering System Name
- LIGO Document
- Other Numbering System Identifier
- P2300435