Roadmap for Optical Metasurfaces

Section 1: The authors would like to thank Prof. Federico Capasso for valuable discussions at the initial stage of this effort. A.I.K. would like to acknowledge the support by the AME Programmatic Grant No. A18A7b0058 (Singapore), MTC Programmatic Grant No. M21J9b0085 (Singapore), the IET A F Harvey Engineering Research Prize 2016, and by the National Research Foundation of Singapore under Grant NRF-NRFI2017-01; M.L.B. would like to acknowledge funding from an AFOSR MURI Grant (FA9550-17-1-0002), a U.S. Department of Energy Grant (DE-FG07-ER46426), and the DOE “Photonics at Thermodynamic Limits” Energy Frontier Research Center under Grant DE-SC0019140. Section 2: This work was supported by the University Grants Committee/Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (Project No. AoE/P-502/20, CRF Project C5031-22GF, CRF 8730064, and GRF Projects 15303521 and 11310522) and City University of Hong Kong (Project Nos. 9380131 and SRG-Fd 7005867); U.L. acknowledges financial support from the metamaterials consortium of the Israeli innovation authority. Section 3: This work was supported by Singapore National Research Foundation (Grant No. NRF-CRP23-2019-0006); Singapore Ministry of Education (Grant No. MOE2016-T3-1-006) and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council UK (Grant No. EP/T02643X/1). Section 4: A.A. acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation and Army Research Laboratory. A.F. acknowledges support from the Army Research Office. Section 5: This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation (U.S.A.) Grant ECCS-1920840 (to D.C), the Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (CE2001000108; to K.B.C.), the USA AFOSR Grant FA9550-20-1-0124 (to A.V.K.), and the A*STAR MTC Programmatic Grant M21J9b0085, National Research Funding (NRF) Singapore NRF-CRP20-2017-0001 and NRF-NRFI06-2020-0005 (to W.H. and J.K.W.Y.). Section 6: P.G. acknowledges financial support by the French National Research Agency ANR Project DILEMMA (ANR-20-CE09-0027) and the French National Research Agency ANR Project Meta-On-Demand (ANR-20-CE24-0013). Section 7: J.A.F. acknowledges support from the Office of Naval Research under Award Number N00014-16-1-2630 and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research under Award FA9550-18-1-0070. Section 8 The research is supported by DARPA (Grant No: W31P4Q21C0043) and NSF (Grant Nos. 2120774 and 2127235). Section 9: N.E. and A.A. acknowledge partial support from the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (MURI) Grants FA9550-17-1-0002 and FA9550-21-1-0312. A.P. acknowledges support from the Dutch research Counsel (NWO). Section 10: H.A.A. and P.T. acknowledge support by the Meta-Imaging MURI Grant #FA9550-21-1-0312 and Grant #FA9550-18-1-0354 from Air Force Office of Scientific Research; R.P.D. would like to acknowledge the support by the AME Programmatic Grant No. A18A7b0058 (Singapore); P.T. acknowledges support from Meta Platforms, Inc., through the Ph.D. Fellowship program #C-834952. Section 11: S.T.H. acknowledges support from AME Young Individual Research Grant (YIRG, Grant No. A2084c0177) and MTC Programmatic Fund on Nanoantenna Light Emitting Devices (Grant No. M21J9b0085). A.I.B. thanks MICINN for the Ramon y Cajal Fellowship (Grant No. RYC2021-030880-I). I.S. and A.I.B. acknowledge financial support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) through the International Research Training Group (IRTG) 2675 “Meta-ACTIVE”, Project Number 437527638. Work of A.P. is part of the research program of NWO and has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (Grant Agreement No. 101019932), J.A.S. acknowledges support from the Office of Naval Research (Grant # N00014−22−1−2337). Section 12: G.G. acknowledges funding from PICT 2019-01886, PIP 112 202001 01465, and UBACyT Proyecto 20020190200296BA. Y.K. thanks the Australian Research Council (Grant Nos. DP200101168 and DP210101292) and the International Technology Center Indo-Pacific (ITC IPAC) via Army Research Office (contract FA520923C0023).Section 13: S.P., A.S., and V.M.S. thank the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science for support through the Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science Research Center, the National Science Foundation (NSF) for support via Grant 2015025-ECCS, and Purdue’s Elmore ECE Emerging Frontiers Center “The Crossroads of Quantum and AI”. S.F.Y. thanks the National Science Foundation (NSF) for support via the following grants: CUA PFC Award and PHY-2207972, and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) for support via FA9550-19-1-0233. Section 14: Our work on these topics has been supported by the Simons Foundation and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research. Section 15: The authors acknowledge support by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering under Award DE-SC0017717 (TCO materials growth and characterization) and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research under Award FA9550-20-1-0124 (transition metal nitrides studies). Section 16: J.R. acknowledges funding supports from POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center program funded by POSCO, and the National Research Foundation (NRF) Grant (NRF-2022M3C1A3081312) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT of the Korean government. J.K. acknowledges the POSTECH Alchemist fellowship. D.K.O. acknowledges the Hyundai Motor Chung Mong-Koo fellowship.