A Data Science-Guided Approach for the Development of Nickel-Catalyzed Homo-Diels–Alder Reactions
Abstract
The Ni-catalyzed homo-Diels–Alder (hDA) reaction represents a convergent but under-investigated approach to preparing bridged bicyclic ring systems. Using the kraken monophosphine descriptor library, Ni-catalyzed hDA reactions of acyclic and cyclic electron deficient olefins were investigated, and key ligand effects required for reactivity were identified using classification models. This analysis guided the discovery of the monophosphine (S)-AntPhos as a chiral ligand for the enantioselective hDA of acyclic dienophiles. However, these conditions were not compatible with cyclic substrates. Further mechanistic and computational studies revealed a putative role of Ni(I) species and mechanistic divergence between cyclic and acyclic enone dienophiles. Using reaction space design and Bayesian optimization, conditions were developed that expanded the scope to cyclic dienophiles. The resultant cycloadducts were transformed into bicycloheptane structures via cyclopropane cleavage reactions, demonstrating the ability to rapidly access structurally complex scaffolds using this method.
Copyright and License
© 2025 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.
Acknowledgement
We acknowledge the financial support from the NSF under the CCI Center for Computer Assisted Synthesis (C-CAS) (CHE-2202693) for work completed in the Sigman and Reisman laboratories. The support and resources from the Center for High Performance Computing (CHPC) at the University of Utah are gratefully acknowledged. NMR results included in this report were recorded at the David M. Grant NMR Center, a University of Utah Core Facility. Funds for construction of the Center and the helium recovery system were obtained from the University of Utah and the National Institutes of Health awards 1C06RR017539-01A1 and 3R01GM063540-17W1, respectively. NMR instruments were purchased with support of the University of Utah and the National Institutes of Health award 1S10OD25241-01. We thank Dr. Eugene Kwon (Merck) for helpful discussions regarding the natural abundance 13C KIE experiments. We gratefully acknowledge Dr. Scott Virgil and the Caltech Center for Catalysis and Chemical Synthesis for access to analytical equipment. We thank the Dow Next Generation Educator Funds and Instrumentation Grants for their support of the Beckman Institute X-ray Crystallography Facility at Caltech, as well as the Caltech CCE NMR facility and Multiuser Mass Spectrometry Laboratory. We thank Dr. Michael K. Takase for assistance with X-ray crystallography. We thank Jeff Kerkovius (Caltech) for early discussions and ideas related to this project.
Data Availability
Python scripts and data used for modeling (Link to GitHub repository: https://github.com/SigmanGroup/Ni-Catalyzed-hDA); ORCA calculation output files and xyz coordinates of calculated structures (Link to Zenodo: 10.5281/zenodo.15338599).
Supplemental Material
Full experimental (including compound characterization data) and computational details (PDF)
Additional Information
Accession Codes:
Deposition Numbers 2450969 and 2458370 contain the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge via the joint Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC) and Fachinformationszentrum Karlsruhe Access Structures service.
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Additional details
- PMID
- 40814780
- National Science Foundation
- CHE-2202693
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- 1C06RR017539-01A1
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences
- 3R01GM063540-17W1
- National Institutes of Health
- 1S10OD25241-01
- Accepted
-
2025-07-31
- Available
-
2025-08-15Published online
- Caltech groups
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (CCE)
- Publication Status
- Published