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Published July 2025 | Version Published
Journal Article Open

CHEX-MATE: Multiprobe analysis of Abell 1689

Creators

  • 1. ROR icon University of Paris-Saclay
  • 2. ROR icon University of Geneva
  • 3. INAF, Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129, Bologna, Italy
  • 4. ROR icon California Institute of Technology
  • 5. ROR icon Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
  • 6. ROR icon National Institute for Astrophysics
  • 7. ROR icon Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
  • 8. ROR icon Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille
  • 9. ROR icon Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris
  • 10. ROR icon Research Institute in Astrophysics and Planetology
  • 11. ROR icon INFN Sezione di Bologna
  • 12. ROR icon University of Rome Tor Vergata
  • 13. ROR icon INFN Sezione di Roma II
  • 14. ROR icon Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna
  • 15. ROR icon Sapienza University of Rome
  • 16. ROR icon Michigan State University
  • 17. ROR icon University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
  • 18. ROR icon University of Bologna
  • 19. ROR icon University of Bristol
  • 20. ROR icon INFN Sezione di Genova
  • 21. ROR icon Trieste Astronomical Observatory
  • 22. ROR icon Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe
  • 23. ROR icon University of Michigan–Ann Arbor
  • 24. ROR icon Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

Abstract

The nature of the elusive dark matter can be probed by comparing the predictions of the cold dark matter framework with the gravitational field of massive galaxy clusters. However, a robust test of dark matter can only be achieved if the systematic uncertainties in the reconstruction of the gravitational potential are minimized. Techniques based on the properties of intracluster gas rely on the assumption that the gas is in hydrostatic equilibrium within the potential well, whereas gravitational lensing is sensitive to projection effects. Here we attempt to minimize systematics in galaxy cluster mass reconstructions by jointly exploiting the weak gravitational lensing signal and the properties of the hot intracluster gas determined from X-ray and millimeter (Sunyaev-Zel’dovich) observations. We constructed a model to fit the multiprobe information within a common framework, accounting for non-thermal pressure support and elongation of the dark matter halo along the line of sight. We then applied our framework to the massive cluster Abell 1689, which features unparalleled multiwavelength data. In accordance with previous works, we find that the cluster is significantly elongated along the line of sight. Accounting for line-of-sight projections, we require a non-thermal pressure support of 30 − 40% at r500 to match the gas and weak lensing observables. The joint model retrieves a concentration c200 ∼ 7, which is lower and better agrees with the concentration-mass relation than the high concentration retrieved from weak lensing data alone under the assumption of spherical symmetry (c200 ∼ 15). Applying our method to a larger sample will allow us to study the shape of dark matter mass profiles and the level of non-thermal pressure support in galaxy clusters at the same time.

Copyright and License

© The Authors 2025.

Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Acknowledgement

Based on observations obtained with XMM-Newton, an ESA science mission with instruments and contributions directly funded by ESA Member States and NASA. DE acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant agreement 200021_212576. AG, JS, and HS were supported by NASA Astrophysics Data Analysis Program (ADAP) Grant 80NSSC21K1571. SE, MR, FG, IB, VG, HB, FDL, and PM acknowledge the financial contribution from the contracts Prin-MUR 2022, supported by Next Generation EU (n.20227RNLY3 The concordance cosmological model: stress-tests with galaxy clusters), ASI-INAF Athena 2019-27-HH.0, “Attività di Studio per la comunità scientifica di Astrofisica delle Alte Energie e Fisica Astroparticellare” (Accordo Attuativo ASI-INAF n. 2017-14-H.0). EP acknowledges the support of the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), under grant ANR-22-CE31-0010 (project BATMAN). RC acknowledges financial support from the INAF grant 2023 “Testing the origin of giant radio halos with joint LOFAR” (1.05.23.05.11). BJM acknowledges support from STFC grant ST/V000454/1. MG acknowledges support from the ERC Consolidator Grant BlackHoleWeather (101086804). GWP acknowledges long-term support from CNES, the French space agency. This research was supported by the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, through ISSI International Team project #565 (multiwavelength Studies of the Culmination of Structure Formation in the Universe).

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Additional details

Related works

Is new version of
Discussion Paper: arXiv:2503.22316 (arXiv)

Funding

Swiss National Science Foundation
200021_212576
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
80NSSC21K1571
European Union
20227RNLY3
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana
2019-27-HH.0
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana
2017-14-H.0
Agence Nationale de la Recherche
ANR-22-CE31-0010
National Institute for Astrophysics
1.05.23.05.11
Science and Technology Facilities Council
ST/V000454/1
European Research Council
BlackHoleWeather 101086804
Centre National d'Études Spatiales
International Space Science Institute
565

Dates

Accepted
2025-05-02
Available
2025-07-04
Published online

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Caltech groups
Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy (PMA)
Publication Status
Published