The TESS-Keck Survey. XVI. Mass Measurements for 12 Planets in Eight Systems

Creators: Akana Murphy, Joseph M.¹; Batalha, Natalie M.¹; Scarsdale, Nicholas¹; Isaacson, Howard^{2, 3}; Ciardi, David R.⁴; Gonzales, Erica J.¹; Giacalone, Steven²; Twicken, Joseph D.^{5, 6}; Dattilo, Anne¹; Fetherolf, Tara⁷; Rubenzahl, Ryan A.⁸; Crossfield, Ian J. M.⁹; Dressing, Courtney D.²; Fulton, Benjamin⁴; Howard, Andrew W.⁸; Huber, Daniel¹⁰; Kane, Stephen R.⁷; Petigura, Erik A.¹¹; Robertson, Paul¹²; Roy, Arpita^{13, 14}; Weiss, Lauren M.¹⁵; Beard, Corey¹²; Chontos, Ashley^{10, 16}; Dai, Fei⁸; Rice, Malena^{17, 18}; Van Zandt, Judah¹¹; Lubin, Jack¹²; Blunt, Sarah⁸; Polanski, Alex S.⁹; Behmard, Aida⁸; Dalba, Paul A.^{1, 6}; Hill, Michelle L.⁷; Rosenthal, Lee J.⁸; Brinkman, Casey L.¹⁰; Mayo, Andrew W.²; Turtelboom, Emma V.²; Angelo, Isabel¹¹; Močnik, Teo¹⁹; MacDougall, Mason G.¹¹; Pidhorodetska, Daria⁷; Tyler, Dakotah¹¹; Kosiarek, Molly R.¹; Holcomb, Rae¹²; Louden, Emma M.¹⁸; Hirsch, Lea A.²⁰; Gilbert, Emily A.²¹; Anderson, Jay¹³; Valenti, Jeff A.¹³

1. University of California, Santa Cruz
2. University of California, Berkeley
3. University of Southern Queensland
4. NASA Exoplanet Science Institute
5. Ames Research Center
6. Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
7. University of California, Riverside
8. California Institute of Technology
9. University of Kansas
10. University of Hawaii System
11. University of California, Los Angeles
12. University of California, Irvine
13. Space Telescope Science Institute
14. Johns Hopkins University
15. University of Notre Dame
16. Princeton University
17. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
18. Yale University
19. Gemini North Observatory
20. University of Toronto
21. Jet Propulsion Lab

Abstract

With JWST's successful deployment and unexpectedly high fuel reserves, measuring the masses of sub-Neptunes transiting bright, nearby stars will soon become the bottleneck for characterizing the atmospheres of small exoplanets via transmission spectroscopy. Using a carefully curated target list and observations from more than 2 yr of APF-Levy and Keck-HIRES Doppler monitoring, the TESS-Keck Survey is working toward alleviating this pressure. Here we present mass measurements for 11 transiting planets in eight systems that are particularly suited to atmospheric follow-up with JWST. We also report the discovery and confirmation of a temperate super-Jovian-mass planet on a moderately eccentric orbit. The sample of eight host stars, which includes one subgiant, spans early-K to late-F spectral types (T_eff = 5200–6200 K). We homogeneously derive planet parameters using a joint photometry and radial velocity modeling framework, discuss the planets' possible bulk compositions, and comment on their prospects for atmospheric characterization.

Copyright and License

Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

Acknowledgement

The authors wish to recognize and acknowledge the very significant cultural role and reverence that Maunakea has always had within the indigenous Hawaiian community. We are most fortunate to have the opportunity to conduct observations from this sacred mountain, which is now colonized land.

The authors thank the anonymous referee for providing helpful comments, which improved the manuscript. J.M.A.M. is supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Graduate Research Fellowship Program (GRFP) under grant No. DGE-1842400. A.B. and R.A.R. are supported by the NSF GRFP under grant No. DGE-1745301. I.J.M.C. acknowledges support from the NSF through grant No. AST-1824644. J.M.A.M. acknowledges the LSSTC Data Science Fellowship Program, which is funded by LSSTC, NSF Cybertraining grant No. 1829740, the Brinson Foundation, and the Moore Foundation; his participation in the program has benefited this work. N.M.B. acknowledges support from NASAS Interdisciplinary Consortia for Astrobiology Research (NNH19ZDA001N-ICAR) under award No. 19-ICAR19_2-0041. J.V.Z. acknowledges support from the Future Investigators in NASA Earth and Space Science and Technology (FINESST) grant 80NSSC22K1606. T.F. acknowledges support from the University of California President's Postdoctoral Fellowship Program. P.D. acknowledges support from a 51 Pegasi b Postdoctoral Fellowship from the Heising-Simons Foundation. E.A.P. acknowledges support from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. D.H. acknowledges support from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NSSC21K0652). C.D.D. acknowledges the support of the Hellman Family Faculty Fund, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the David & Lucile Packard Foundation, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration via the TESS Guest Investigator Program (80NSSC18K1583). This research was carried out in part at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NM0018D0004).

J.M.A.M. thanks (in alphabetical order) Artyom Aguichine, Aarynn Carter, Hugh Osborn, James Rogers, and Hilke Schlichting for insightful discussions and their openness to collaboration.

This work used Expanse at the San Diego Supercomputer Center through allocation PHY220015 from the Advanced Cyberinfrastructure Coordination Ecosystem: Services & Support (ACCESS) program, which is supported by NSF grants 2138259, 2138286, 2138307, 2137603, and 2138296.

We acknowledge the use of public TESS data from pipelines at the TESS Science Office and at the TESS Science Processing Operations Center. Resources supporting this work were provided by the NASA High-End Computing (HEC) Program through the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division at Ames Research Center for the production of the SPOC data products.

We thank Ken and Gloria Levy, who supported the construction of the Levy Spectrometer on the Automated Planet Finder. We thank the University of California and Google for supporting Lick Observatory, and the UCO staff for their dedicated work scheduling and operating the telescopes of Lick Observatory.

This work presents results from the European Space Agency (ESA) space mission Gaia. Gaia data are being processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC). Funding for the DPAC is provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia MultiLateral Agreement (MLA).

This publication makes use of data products from the Two Micron All Sky Survey, which is a joint project of the University of Massachusetts and the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the NSF.

Facilities

APF - , Hale (PHARO) - Palomar Observatory's 5.1m Hale Telescope, Keck:I (HIRES) - KECK I Telescope, Keck:II (NIRC2) - KECK II Telescope, TESS - .

Software References

astropy (Astropy Collaboration et al. 2013, 2018), celerite2 (Foreman-Mackey 2018), exoplanet (Foreman-Mackey et al. 2020), isoclassify (Huber et al. 2017; Berger et al. 2020), matplotlib (Hunter 2007), numpy (Harris et al. 2020), pandas (pandas development team 2020), pymc3 (Salvatier et al. 2016), Python 3 (Van Rossum & Drake 2009), RadVel (Fulton et al. 2018), scikit-learn (Pedregosa et al. 2011), scipy (Virtanen et al. 2020), SpecMatch-Emp (Yee et al. 2017), SpecMatch-Syn (Petigura et al. 2017), starry (Luger et al. 2019), tessla (Akana Murphy 2023), theano (Theano Development Team 2016).

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