Failed supernovae (SNe), which are likely the main channel for forming stellar-mass black holes, are predicted to accompany mass ejections much weaker than typical core-collapse SNe. We conduct a grid of one-dimensional radiation hydrodynamical simulations to explore the emission of failed SNe from red supergiant progenitors, leveraging recent understanding of the weak explosion and the dense circumstellar matter (CSM) surrounding these stars. We find from these simulations and semianalytical modeling that diffusion in the CSM prolongs the early emission powered by shock breakout/cooling. The early emission has peak luminosities of ~107–108 L⊙ in optical and UV and durations of days to weeks. The presence of dense CSM aids in the detection of the early bright peak from these events via near-future wide-field surveys such as Rubin Observatory, ULTRASAT, and UVEX.
Published January 20, 2025
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Transients by Black Hole Formation from Red Supergiants: Impact of Dense Circumstellar Matter
Abstract
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© 2025. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.
Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Acknowledgement
We thank Re'em Sari and Takashi Moriya for valuable discussions and the anonymous referee for the constructive comments. D.T. and X.H. are supported by the Sherman Fairchild Postdoctoral Fellowship at the California Institute of Technology. The light-curve data are publicly available at https://github.com/DTsuna/failedSNeLCs.
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Additional details
- Sherman Fairchild Foundation
- Accepted
-
2024-12-06Accepted
- Available
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2025-01-15Published
- Caltech groups
- TAPIR
- Publication Status
- Published