Maximizing quantum enhancement in axion dark matter experiments

Creators: Kuo, Chao-Lin¹; Bartram, Chelsea L.²; Chou, Aaron S.³; Dyson, Taj A.¹; Kurinsky, Noah A.²; Rybka, Gray⁴; Ruppert, Sephora¹; Wen, Osmond^{1, 5}; Withers, Matthew O.¹; Yi, Andrew K.²; Zhang, Cheng¹

1. Stanford University
2. SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
3. Fermilab
4. University of Washington
5. California Institute of Technology

Abstract

We provide a comprehensive comparison of linear amplifiers and microwave photon counters in axion dark matter experiments. The study is done assuming a range of realistic operating conditions and detector parameters, over the frequency range between 1 and 30 GHz. As expected, photon counters are found to be advantageous under low background, at high frequencies (𝜈 >5 GHz), if they can be implemented with robust wide-frequency tuning or a very low dark count rate. Additional noteworthy observations emerging from this study include: (1) an expanded applicability of off-resonance photon background reduction, including the single-quadrature state squeezing, for scan rate enhancements; (2) a much broader appeal for operating the haloscope resonators in the overcoupling regime, up to 𝛽 ∼10; (3) the need for a detailed investigation into the cryogenic and electromagnetic conditions inside haloscope cavities to lower the photon temperature for future experiments; (4) the necessity to develop a distributed network of coupling ports in high-volume axion haloscopes to utilize these potential gains in the scan rate.

Copyright and License

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP³.

Acknowledgement

The authors thank P. Bertet and E. Flurin for suggesting the cooling of the termination as a means to reduce photon noise, motivating overcoupling the cavity haloscope. We acknowledge C. Braggio, G. Carugno, and B. Majorovitz for useful discussions while visiting INFN and MPP. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 2209576. We acknowledge the support of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), 521528828. C. L. K., C. L. B., T. A. D., and N. A. K.’s investigation on the readout of high-volume axion haloscopes was supported by the Department of Energy, Laboratory Directed Research and Development program at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, under Contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515. A. C. is supported via the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), a U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics HEP User Facility. Fermilab is managed by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC (FRA), acting under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359. C. Z. is supported by a KIPAC Porat Fellowship.

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