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Published July 1, 2024 | Published
Journal Article Open

SN 2023zaw: An Ultrastripped, Nickel-poor Supernova from a Low-mass Progenitor

Abstract

We present SN 2023zaw—a subluminous (Mr = −16.7 mag) and rapidly evolving supernova (t1/2,r = 4.9 days), with the lowest nickel mass (≈0.002 M⊙) measured among all stripped-envelope supernovae discovered to date. The photospheric spectra are dominated by broad He i and Ca near-infrared emission lines with velocities of ∼10,000−12,000 km s−1. The late-time spectra show prominent narrow He i emission lines at ∼1000 km s−1, indicative of interaction with He-rich circumstellar material. SN 2023zaw is located in the spiral arm of a star-forming galaxy. We perform radiation-hydrodynamical and analytical modeling of the lightcurve by fitting with a combination of shock-cooling emission and nickel decay. The progenitor has a best-fit envelope mass of ≈0.2 M☉ and an envelope radius of ≈50 R⊙. The extremely low nickel mass and low ejecta mass (≈0.5 M⊙) suggest an ultrastripped SN, which originates from a mass-losing low-mass He-star (zero-age main-sequence mass < 10 M⊙) in a close binary system. This is a channel to form double neutron star systems, whose merger is detectable with LIGO. SN 2023zaw underscores the existence of a previously undiscovered population of extremely low nickel mass (<0.005 M☉) stripped-envelope supernovae, which can be explored with deep and high-cadence transient surveys.

Copyright and License

© 2024. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

Acknowledgement

K.K.D. acknowledges support from the Schwartz Reisman Collaborative Science Program, which is supported by the Gerald Schwartz and Heather Reisman Foundation. We thank the anonymous referee for the valuable comments that improved the quality of the Letter.

M.W.C. acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation with grant Nos. PHY-2308862 and PHY-2117997.

S. S. is partially supported by LBNL Subcontract No. 7707915.

Based on observations obtained with the Samuel Oschin Telescope 48 inch and the 60 inch Telescope at the Palomar Observatory as part of the Zwicky Transient Facility project. ZTF is supported by the National Science Foundation under grant No. AST-2034437 and a collaboration including Caltech, IPAC, the Oskar Klein Center at Stockholm University, the University of Maryland, University of California, Berkeley, the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, University of Warwick, Ruhr University, Cornell University, Northwestern University and Drexel University. Operations are conducted by COO, IPAC, and UW.

SED Machine is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant No. 1106171.

The ZTF forced-photometry service was funded under the Heising-Simons Foundation grant #12540303 (PI: Graham).

The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, through both the Data-Driven Investigator Program and a dedicated grant, provided critical funding for SkyPortal.

This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED), which is funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and operated by the California Institute of Technology.

The data presented here were obtained in part with ALFOSC, which is provided by the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA) under a joint agreement with the University of Copenhagen and NOT.

The Liverpool Telescope is operated on the island of La Palma by Liverpool John Moores University in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias with financial support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council. Based on observations made with the Italian Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG) operated on the island of La Palma by the Fundación Galileo Galilei of the INAF (Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica) at the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias.

The W. M. Keck Observatory is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W. M. Keck Foundation. The authors wish to recognize and acknowledge the very significant cultural role and reverence that the summit of Maunakea has always had within the indigenous Hawaiian community. We are most fortunate to have the opportunity to conduct observations from this mountain.

MMT Observatory access was supported by Northwestern University and the Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA).

Data Availability

All the photometric and spectroscopic data used in this work will be made available on GitHub 25 after publication.

The optical photometry and spectroscopy will also be made public through WISeREP, the Weizmann Interactive Supernova Data Repository (Yaron & Gal-Yam 2012).

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Additional details

Created:
June 27, 2024
Modified:
June 27, 2024