Asteroseismology of the Nearby K Dwarf σ Draconis Using the Keck Planet Finder and TESS

Creators: Hon, Marc^{1, 2}; Huber, Daniel^{2, 3}; Li, Yaguang²; Metcalfe, Travis S.⁴; Bedding, Timothy R.³; Ong, Joel²; Chontos, Ashley^{2, 5}; Rubenzahl, Ryan⁶; Halverson, Samuel⁷; García, Rafael A.⁸; Kjeldsen, Hans⁹; Stello, Dennis^{3, 10, 11}; Hey, Daniel R.²; Campante, Tiago¹²; Howard, Andrew W.⁶; Gibson, Steven R.⁶; Rider, Kodi¹³; Roy, Arpita¹⁴; Baker, Ashley D.⁶; Edelstein, Jerry¹³; Smith, Chris¹³; Fulton, Benjamin J.⁶; Walawender, Josh¹⁵; Brodheim, Max¹⁵; Brown, Matt¹⁵; Chan, Dwight¹⁵; Dai, Fei²; Deich, William¹⁶; Gottschalk, Colby¹⁵; Grillo, Jason¹³; Hale, Dave⁶; Hill, Grant M.¹⁵; Holden, Bradford¹⁶; Householder, Aaron¹; Isaacson, Howard¹³; Ishikawa, Yuzo¹⁷; Jelinsky, Sharon R.¹³; Kassis, Marc¹⁵; Kaye, Stephen⁶; Laher, Russ⁶; Lanclos, Kyle¹⁵; Lee, Chien-Hsiu¹⁵; Lilley, Scott¹⁵; McCarney, Ben¹⁵; Miller, Timothy N.¹³; Payne, Joel¹⁵; Petigura, Erik A.¹⁸; Poppett, Claire¹³; Raffanti, Michael¹³; Rockosi, Constance¹⁶; Sanford, Dale¹⁶; Schwab, Christian¹⁹; Shaum, Abby P.⁶; Sirk, Martin M.¹³; Smith, Roger⁶; Thorne, Jim¹⁵; Valliant, John¹⁵; Vandenberg, Adam¹⁵; Wang, Shin Ywan⁶; Wishnow, Edward¹³; Wold, Truman¹⁵; Yeh, Sherry¹⁵; Baker, Ashley⁶; Basu, Sarbani²⁰; Bedell, Megan²¹; Cegla, Heather M.²²; Crossfield, Ian²³; Dressing, Courtney¹³; Dumusque, Xavier²⁴; Knutson, Heather⁶; Mawet, Dimitri⁶; O'Meara, John¹⁵; Stefánsson, Guđmundur²⁵; Teske, Johanna²⁶; Vasisht, Gautam⁷; Wang, Sharon Xuesong²⁷; Weiss, Lauren M.²⁸; Winn, Joshua N.⁵; Wright, Jason T.²⁹

1. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2. University of Hawaii at Manoa
3. University of Sydney
4. Center for Solar-Stellar Connections, White Dwarf Research Corporation, 9020 Brumm Trail, Golden, CO 80403, USA
5. Princeton University
6. California Institute of Technology
7. Jet Propulsion Lab
8. University of Paris
9. Aarhus University
10. UNSW Sydney
11. Centre of Excellence for All-Sky Astrophysics
12. University of Porto
13. University of California, Berkeley
14. Astrophysics & Space Institute, Schmidt Sciences, New York, NY 10011, USA
15. W.M. Keck Observatory
16. University of California, Santa Cruz
17. Johns Hopkins University
18. University of California, Los Angeles
19. Macquarie University
20. Yale University
21. Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA
22. University of Warwick
23. University of Kansas
24. University of Geneva
25. University of Amsterdam
26. Carnegie Institution for Science
27. Tsinghua University
28. University of Notre Dame
29. Pennsylvania State University

Abstract

Asteroseismology of dwarf stars cooler than the Sun is very challenging owing to the low amplitudes and rapid timescales of oscillations. Here we present the asteroseismic detection of solar-like oscillations at 4-minute timescales (ν_(max) ∼ 4300 μHz) in the nearby K dwarf σ Draconis using extreme-precision Doppler velocity observations from the Keck Planet Finder and 20 s cadence photometry from NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite. The star is the coolest dwarf star to date with both velocity and luminosity observations of solar-like oscillations, having amplitudes of 5.9 ± 0.8 cm s⁻¹ and 0.8 ± 0.2 ppm, respectively. These measured values are in excellent agreement with established luminosity−velocity amplitude relations for oscillations and provide further evidence that mode amplitudes for stars with T_(eff) < 5500 K diminish in scale following an (L/M)^(1.5) relation. By modeling the star's oscillation frequencies from photometric data, we measure an asteroseismic age of 4.5 ± 0.9 (ran) ± 1.2 (sys) Gyr. The observations demonstrate the capability of next-generation spectrographs and precise space-based photometry to extend observational asteroseismology to nearby cool dwarfs, which are benchmarks for stellar astrophysics and prime targets for directly imaging planets using future space-based telescopes.

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Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

Acknowledgement

The authors wish to recognize and acknowledge the very significant cultural role and reverence that the summit of Maunakea has within the indigenous Hawaiian community. We are most fortunate to have the opportunity to conduct observations from this mountain. The data in this study were obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W. M. Keck Foundation. This research was carried out, in part, at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the California Institute of Technology under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and funded through the President's and Director's Research & Development Fund Program. Funding for the TESS mission is provided by the NASA Explorer Program. M.H. acknowledges support from NASA grant 80NSSC24K0228. D.H. acknowledges support from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NSSC21K0652, 80NSSC22K0303, 80NSSC23K0434, 80NSSC23K0435), and the Australian Research Council (FT200100871). T.S.M. acknowledges support from NASA grant 80NSSC22K0475. Computational time at the Texas Advanced Computing Center was provided through allocation TG-AST090107. T.R.B. acknowledges support from the Australian Research Council through Laureate Fellowship FL220100117. D.S. is supported by the Australian Research Council (DP190100666). A.C. acknowledges support from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NSSC24K0495). R.A.G. acknowledges the support from the PLATO and GOLF grants of the Centre National D'Études Spatiales. T.C. is supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) in the form of a work contract (CEECIND/00476/2018).

Facilities

Keck:I - KECK I Telescope (Keck Planet Finder), TESS - .

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