Dynamical Masses for 23 Pre-main-sequence Stars in Upper Scorpius: A Critical Test of Stellar Evolutionary Models

Abstract

Copyright and License

© 2025. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

Acknowledgement

We thank the anonymous referee whose thoughtful comments and suggestions have improved this paper. This paper makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO.ALMA#2019.1.00493.S. ALMA is a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA) and NINS (Japan), together with NRC (Canada), NSTC and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO, and NAOJ. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. The results reported herein benefited from collaborations and/or information exchange within NASA’s Nexus for Exoplanet System Science (NExSS) research coordination network sponsored by NASA’s Science Mission Directorate under Agreement No. 80NSSC21K0593 for the program “Alien Earths.” This research has made use of the SIMBAD database, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France. This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia (https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement. We acknowledge with thanks the variable star observations from the AAVSO International Database contributed by observers worldwide and used in this research. This paper makes use of data from the AAVSO Photometric All Sky Survey, whose funding has been provided by the Robert Martin Ayers Sciences Fund and from the NSF (AST-1412587). The Pan-STARRS1 Surveys (PS1) and the PS1 public science archive have been made possible through contributions by the Institute for Astronomy, the University of Hawaii, the Pan-STARRS Project Office, the Max-Planck Society and its participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, The Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the University of Edinburgh, the Queen’s University Belfast, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the National Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under grant No. NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation grant No. AST-1238877, the University of Maryland, Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE), the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. The DENIS project has been partly funded by the SCIENCE and the HCM plans of the European Commission under grants CT920791 and CT940627. It is supported by INSU, MEN, and CNRS in France, by the State of Baden-Württemberg in Germany, by DGICYT in Spain, by CNR in Italy, by FFwFBWF in Austria, by FAPESP in Brazil, by OTKA grants F-4239 and F-013990 in Hungary, and by the ESO C&EE grant A-04-046. Jean Claude Renault from IAP was the project manager. Observations were carried out thanks to the contributions of numerous students and young scientists from all involved institutes, under the supervision of P. Fouqué, survey astronomer resident in Chile. This publication makes use of data products from the Two Micron All Sky Survey, which is a joint project of the University of Massachusetts and the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation.

Facilities

ALMA - Atacama Large Millimeter Array, AAVSO - American Association of Variable Star Observers International Database, PS1 - Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System Telescope #1 (Pan-STARRS), Gaia - , CTIO:2MASS - 2MASS Telescope at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, MAST - (Pan-STARRS DENIS).

Software References

astropy (Astropy Collaboration et al. 2013, 2018, 2022), CARTA (A. Comrie et al. 2021), CASA (CASA Team et al. 2022; J. P. McMullin et al. 2007), emcee (D. ForemanMackey et al. 2013), galario (M. Tazzari et al. 2018), pdspy (P. D. Sheehan et al. 2019), radmc3d (C. P. Dullemond et al. 2012), spectral-cube (A. Ginsburg et al. 2014).