SDSS-V Local Volume Mapper (LVM): A glimpse into Orion

Creators: Kreckel, K.¹; Egorov, O. V.¹; Egorova, E.¹; Blanc, G. A.^{2, 3}; Drory, N.⁴; Kounkel, M.⁵; Méndez-Delgado, J. E.¹; Román-Zúñiga, C. G.⁶; Sánchez, S. F.⁶; Stringfellow, G. S.⁷; Stutz, A. M.^{8, 3}; Zari, E.⁹; Barrera-Ballesteros, J. K.⁶; Bizyaev, D.¹⁰; Brownstein, J. R.¹¹; Congiu, E.¹²; Fernández-Trincado, J. G.¹³; García, P.^{14, 13}; Hillenbrand, Lynne A.¹⁵; Ibarra-Medel, H. J.⁶; Jin, Y.¹⁶; Johnston, E. J.¹⁷; Jones, A. M.¹⁸; Kim, J. Serena¹⁹; Kollmeier, J. A.^{20, 2}; Kong, S.¹⁹; Krishnarao, D.²¹; Kumari, N.¹⁸; Li, J.¹; Long, K. S.¹⁸; Mata-Sánchez, A.⁶; Mejía-Narváez, A.³; Popa, S. A.¹; Rix, H.-W.⁹; Sattler, N.¹; Serna, J.^{6, 22}; Singh, A.³; Sánchez-Gallego, J. R.²³; Wofford, A.^{6, 24}; Wong, T.²⁵

1. Heidelberg University
2. Carnegie Observatories
3. University of Chile
4. The University of Texas at Austin
5. University of North Florida
6. National Autonomous University of Mexico
7. University of Colorado Boulder
8. University of Concepción
9. Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
10. New Mexico State University
11. University of Utah
12. European Southern Observatory
13. Catholic University of the North
14. National Astronomical Observatories
15. California Institute of Technology
16. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
17. Diego Portales University
18. Space Telescope Science Institute
19. University of Arizona
20. Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics
21. Colorado College
22. University of Oklahoma
23. University of Washington
24. University of California, San Diego
25. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

Abstract

Context. The Orion Molecular Cloud complex, one of the nearest (D = 406 pc) and most extensively studied massive star-forming regions, is ideal for constraining the physics of stellar feedback, but its ~12 deg diameter on the sky requires a dedicated approach to mapping ionized gas structures within and around the nebula. Aims. The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-V) Local Volume Mapper (LVM) is a new optical integral field unit (IFU) that will map the ionized gas within the Milky Way and Local Group galaxies, covering 4300 deg² of the sky with the new LVM Instrument (LMV-I). Methods. We showcase optical emission line maps from LVM covering 12 deg² inside of the Orion belt region, with 195 000 individual spectra combined to produce images at 0.07 pc (35.3″) resolution. This is the largest IFU map made (to date) of the Milky Way, and contains well-known nebulae (the Horsehead Nebula, Flame Nebula, IC 434, and IC 432), as well as ionized interfaces with the neighboring dense Orion B molecular cloud. Results. We resolve the ionization structure of each nebula, and map the increase in both the [S II]/Hα and [N II]/Hα line ratios at the outskirts of nebulae and along the ionization front with Orion B. [O III] line emission is only spatially resolved within the center of the Flame Nebula and IC 434, and our ~0.1 pc scale line ratio diagrams show how variations in these diagnostics are lost as we move from the resolved to the integrated view of each nebula. We detect ionized gas emission associated with the dusty bow wave driven ahead of the star σ Orionis, where the stellar wind interacts with the ambient interstellar medium. The Horsehead Nebula is seen as a dark occlusion of the bright surrounding photo-disassociation region. This small glimpse into Orion only hints at the rich science that will be enabled by the LVM.

Copyright and License

Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Acknowledgement

We thank the referee for their careful reading of this work and thoughtful suggestions. Funding for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey V has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Heising-Simons Foundation, the National Science Foundation, and the Participating Institutions. SDSS acknowledges support and resources from the Center for High-Performance Computing at the University of Utah. SDSS telescopes are located at Apache Point Observatory, funded by the Astrophysical Research Consortium and operated by New Mexico State University, and at Las Campanas Observatory, operated by the Carnegie Institution for Science. The SDSS web site is www.sdss.org. SDSS is managed by the Astrophysical Research Consortium for the Participating Institutions of the SDSS Collaboration, including Caltech, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Chilean National Time Allocation Committee (CNTAC) ratified researchers, The Flatiron Institute, the Gotham Participation Group, Harvard University, Heidelberg University, The Johns Hopkins University, L’Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA Heidelberg), Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Nanjing University, National Astronomical Observatories of China (NAOC), New Mexico State University, The Ohio State University, Pennsylvania State University, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI), the Stellar Astrophysics Participation Group, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, University of Arizona, University of Colorado Boulder, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, University of Toronto, University of Utah, University of Virginia, Yale University, and Yunnan University. K.K., O.E., E.E., J.E.M.D., J.L., and N.S. gratefully acknowledge funding from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) in the form of an Emmy Noether Research Group (grant number KR4598/2-1, PI: Kreckel) and the European Research Council’s starting grant ERC StG-101077573 (“ISM-METALS”). J.G.F-T gratefully acknowledges the grants support provided by Proyecto Fondecyt Iniciación No. 11220340, Proyecto Fondecyt Postdoc No. 3230001 (Sponsoring researcher), from the Joint Committee ESO-Government of Chile under the agreement 2021 ORP 023/2021 and 2023 ORP 062/2023. C.R-Z. acknowledges support from project UNAM-PAPIIT IG101723 G.A.B. acknowledges the support from the ANID Basal project FB210003. AS gratefully acknowledges support by the Fondecyt Regular (project code 1220610), and ANID BASAL project FB210003. This research has made use of the SIMBAD database, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France (Wenger et al. 2000). Multicolor images generated using the PYTHON package MULTICOLORFITS (Cigan 2019). This publication makes use of data products from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, which is a joint project of the University of California, Los Angeles, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Based in part on observations made with the NASA/DLR Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). The Digitized Sky Surveys were produced at the Space Telescope Science Institute under U.S. Government grant NAG W-2166. The images of these surveys are based on photographic data obtained using the Oschin Schmidt Telescope on Palomar Mountain and the UK Schmidt Telescope. The plates were processed into the present compressed digital form with the permission of these institutions.

Funding

K.K., O.E., E.E., J.E.M.D., J.L., and N.S. gratefully acknowledge funding from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) in the form of an Emmy Noether Research Group (grant number KR4598/2-1, PI: Kreckel) and the European Research Council’s starting grant ERC StG-101077573 (“ISM-METALS”). J.G.F-T gratefully acknowledges the grants support provided by Proyecto Fondecyt Iniciación No. 11220340, Proyecto Fondecyt Postdoc No. 3230001 (Sponsoring researcher), from the Joint Committee ESO-Government of Chile under the agreement 2021 ORP 023/2021 and 2023 ORP 062/2023. C.R-Z. acknowledges support from project UNAM-PAPIIT IG101723 G.A.B. acknowledges the support from the ANID Basal project FB210003. AS gratefully acknowledges support by the Fondecyt Regular (project code 1220610), and ANID BASAL project FB210003.

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