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Published December 15, 2023 | Published
Journal Article Open

Iodine oxoacids enhance nucleation of sulfuric acid particles in the atmosphere

He, Xu-Cheng ORCID icon
Simon, Mario ORCID icon
Iyer, Siddharth ORCID icon
Xie, Hong-Bin ORCID icon
Rörup, Birte ORCID icon
Shen, Jiali
Finkenzeller, Henning ORCID icon
Stolzenburg, Dominik ORCID icon
Zhang, Rongjie
Baccarini, Andrea ORCID icon
Tham, Yee Jun ORCID icon
Wang, Mingyi ORCID icon
Amanatidis, Stavros ORCID icon
Piedehierro, Ana A. ORCID icon
Amorim, Antonio ORCID icon
Baalbaki, Rima ORCID icon
Brasseur, Zoé ORCID icon
Caudillo, Lucía ORCID icon
Chu, Biwu ORCID icon
Dada, Lubna ORCID icon
Duplissy, Jonathan ORCID icon
El Haddad, Imad ORCID icon
Flagan, Richard C.1 ORCID icon
Granzin, Manuel ORCID icon
Hansel, Armin ORCID icon
Heinritzi, Martin ORCID icon
Hofbauer, Victoria ORCID icon
Jokinen, Tuija ORCID icon
Kemppainen, Deniz ORCID icon
Kong, Weimeng ORCID icon
Krechmer, Jordan ORCID icon
Kürten, Andreas ORCID icon
Lamkaddam, Houssni ORCID icon
Lopez, Brandon
Ma, Fangfang ORCID icon
Mahfouz, Naser G. A. ORCID icon
Makhmutov, Vladimir ORCID icon
Manninen, Hanna E. ORCID icon
Marie, Guillaume ORCID icon
Marten, Ruby ORCID icon
Massabò, Dario ORCID icon
Mauldin, Roy L. ORCID icon
Mentler, Bernhard ORCID icon
Onnela, Antti ORCID icon
Petäjä, Tuukka ORCID icon
Pfeifer, Joschka
Philippov, Maxim ORCID icon
Ranjithkumar, Ananth ORCID icon
Rissanen, Matti P. ORCID icon
Schobesberger, Siegfried ORCID icon
Scholz, Wiebke ORCID icon
Schulze, Benjamin ORCID icon
Surdu, Mihnea ORCID icon
Thakur, Roseline C. ORCID icon
Tomé, António ORCID icon
Wagner, Andrea C. ORCID icon
Wang, Dongyu ORCID icon
Wang, Yonghong ORCID icon
Weber, Stefan K. ORCID icon
Welti, André ORCID icon
Winkler, Paul M.
Zauner-Wieczorek, Marcel ORCID icon
Baltensperger, Urs ORCID icon
Curtius, Joachim ORCID icon
Kurtén, Theo ORCID icon
Worsnop, Douglas R. ORCID icon
Volkamer, Rainer ORCID icon
Lehtipalo, Katrianne ORCID icon
Kirkby, Jasper ORCID icon
Donahue, Neil M. ORCID icon
Sipilä, Mikko ORCID icon
Kulmala, Markku ORCID icon
  • 1. ROR icon California Institute of Technology

Abstract

The main nucleating vapor in the atmosphere is thought to be sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), stabilized by ammonia (NH₃). However, in marine and polar regions, NH₃ is generally low, and H₂SO₄ is frequently found together with iodine oxoacids [HIOₓ, i.e., iodic acid (HIO₃) and iodous acid (HIO₂)]. In experiments performed with the CERN CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets) chamber, we investigated the interplay of H₂SO₄and HIOₓ during atmospheric particle nucleation. We found that HIOₓ greatly enhances H₂SO₄(-NH₃) nucleation through two different interactions. First, HIO₃ strongly binds with H₂SO₄ in charged clusters so they drive particle nucleation synergistically. Second, HIO₂ substitutes for NH₃ , forming strongly bound H₂SO₄-HIO₂ acid-base pairs in molecular clusters. Global observations imply that HIO x is enhancing H₂SO₄(-NH₃) nucleation rates 10- to 10,000-fold in marine and polar regions.

Copyright and License

© 2023 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. This is an article distributed under the terms of the Science Journals Default License.

Acknowledgement

We thank CERN for supporting CLOUD with important technical and financial resources and for providing a particle beam from the CERN Proton Synchrotron. We thank the CSC IT Center for Science in Espoo, Finland, for computing time.

Funding

This work was supported by Research Council of Finland ACCC Flagship nos. 337549 and 337552; Research Council of Finland professorship (302958); Research Council of Finland Centre of Excellence nos. 346371, 346372, and 346373; Research Council of Finland project nos. 335844, 334514, 345125, 325656, 316114, 314798, 325647, 353836, 341349, 346372, 296628, and 349659; European Research Council (ERC) project nos. 742206, 714621, 616075, and 101002728; Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement nos. 316662, 701647, 895875, and 764991; National Natural Science Foundation of China grant nos. 42175118 and 22236004; the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFC3701000, Task 1); Swiss National Science Foundation grant nos. 200021_169090, 200021_213071, 206021_198140, 200020_172602, and 20FI20_172622; US National Science Foundation grants nos. AGS-2132089, AGS-1801897, AGS-1801574, AGS-1801280, AGS-2027252, AGS-2215522, AGS-1602086, AGS-1801329, and AGS-2215527; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) project no. 01LK1601A; and Portuguese Science Foundation project CERN/FIS-COM/0028/2019. R.C.T. and M.K. thank the Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation for funding. M.K. received funding from Prince Albert Foundation contract no. 2859. M.W. thanks the Schmidt Science Fellowship for support. X.-C.H. and M.K. thank the Jenny and Antti Wihuri Foundation for funding.

Contributions

X.-C.H., J.Kir., M.Sip., and M.K. planned the experiments. X.-C.H., M.Sim., B.R., J.S., H.F., D.S., A.B., Y.J.T., M.W., S.A., A.A.P., A.A., R.B., Z.B., L.C., B.C., L.D., J.D., I.E.H., R.C.F., M.G., M.H., V.H., W.K., J.Kre., A.K., H.L., B.L., N.G.A.M., V.M., H.E.M., G.M., R.M., D.M., R.L.M., B.M., A.O., T.P., J.P., M.P., M.P.R., S.S., W.S., B.S., M.Sur., A.T., A.C.W., D.W., Y.W., S.K.W., A.W., P.M.W., M.Z.-W., J.Kir., U.B., K.L., J.C., R.V., M.Sip., and M.K. prepared the CLOUD facility or measuring instruments. X.-C.H., M.Sim., S.I., B.R., J.S., H.F., D.S., A.B., Y.J.T., A.A., R.B., L.C., L.D., J.D., I.E.H., M.G., M.H., V.H., T.J., D.K., W.K., J.Kre., H.L., B.L., N.G.A.M., V.M., H.E.M., G.M., R.M., D.M., R.LM., B.M., J.P., A.R., W.S., R.C.T., A.C.W., D.W., S.K.W., M.Z.-W., J.Kir., J.C., and R.V. collected the data. X.-C.H., S.I., H.-B.X., H.F., D.S., R.Z., Y.J.T., L.C., L.D., R.C.F., F.M., W.S., R.C.T., S.K.W., P.M.W., T.K. and D.R.W. analyzed the data. X.-C.H., N.M.D. and J.Kir. wrote the manuscript with contributions from S.I., H.-B.X., B.R. and R.Z. X.-C.H., M.Sim., S.I., H.-B.X., B.R., J.S., H.F., D.S., R.Z., A.B., L.D., J.D., I.E.H., R.C.F., A.H., H.L., N.G.A.M., T.P., S.S., W.S., R.C.T., A.C.W., J.Kir., U.B., K.L., J.C., T.K., D.R.W., R.V., N.M.D., M.Sip. and M.K. commented on and edited the manuscript.

Data Availability

Data for all figures in the main text and supplementary materials are available at the Zenodo repository (43). Correspondence and additional requests for materials should be addressed to X.-C.H. (institutional email: xucheng.he@helsinki.fi; permanent email: xuchenghe93@gmail.com).

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Created:
December 15, 2023
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December 15, 2023