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Published November 12, 2023 | Submitted
Discussion Paper Open

Ultrasonic reporters of calcium for deep tissue imaging of cellular signals

Abstract

Calcium imaging has enabled major biological discoveries. However, the scattering of light by tissue limits the use of standard fluorescent calcium indicators in living animals. To address this limitation, we introduce the first genetically encoded ultrasonic reporter of calcium (URoC). Based on a unique class of air-filled protein nanostructures called gas vesicles, we engineered URoC to produce elevated nonlinear ultrasound signal upon binding to calcium ions. With URoC expressed in mammalian cells, we demonstrate noninvasive ultrasound imaging of calcium signaling in vivo during drug-induced receptor activation. URoC brings the depth and resolution advantages of ultrasound to the in vivo imaging of dynamic cellular function and paves the way for acoustic biosensing of a broader variety of biological signals.

Copyright and License

The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. 

Acknowledgement

The authors thank R. Nayak for providing calibration data for the ultrasound transducer used for imaging. Cryo-Electron microscopy was done in the Beckman Institute Resource Center for Transmission Electron Microscopy at Caltech. The authors also thank X. Chen and V. Gradinaru for sharing instruments and protocols for tissue sectioning. Figure. 4b was created with BioRender.com. This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health (R01NS120828 to M.G.S.) and DARPA (W911NF-14-1-0111). A.L. was supported by the NSF graduate research fellowship (Award No. 1144469) and the Biotechnology Leadership pre-doctoral Training Program in Micro/Nanomedicine (Rosen Bioengineering Center and NIH Training Grant 5T32GM112592-03/04). R.C.H. was supported by the Caltech Center for Environmental Microbial Interactions. Related research in the Shapiro Laboratory is supported by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation and the Chan-Zuckerberg Initiative. M.G.S. is an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

Contributions

Z.J., A.L., and M.G.S. conceived and designed the study. Z.J., and A.L. designed and planned experiments. Z.J., A.L., R.Z., T.A.T., C.R., M.D., R.C.H, D.M., and Y.Y. conducted the experiments. Z.J. wrote the scripts for ultrasound imaging and data processing. Z.J. and Y.Y. analyzed the data. Z.J. wrote the manuscript, with input from all authors. M.G.S. supervised the research. All authors have given approval to the final version of the manuscript.

Acknowledgement

All plasmids used in this study are available from M.G.S. under a material agreement with the California Institute of Technology. The key genetic constructs will be deposited with Addgene at the time of manuscript publication. Ultrasound acquisition and processing scripts used to generate key figures and results will be posted to a publicly accessible GitHub repository at the time of manuscript publication. Raw data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Conflict of Interest

Z.J., M.G.S., A.L., and T.A.T. are inventors on one patent application related to this work filed by California Institute of Technology (no. 17/937,975, filed 1 October 2022). The authors declare that they have no other competing financial interests.

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Additional details

Created:
April 15, 2024
Modified:
April 15, 2024