Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in samples of Ryugu formed in the interstellar medium

Creators: Zeichner, Sarah S.; Aponte, José C.; Bhattacharjee, Surjyendu; Dong, Guannan; Hofmann, Amy E.; Dworkin, Jason P.; Glavin, Daniel P.; Elsila, Jamie E.; Graham, Heather V.; Naraoka, Hiroshi; Takano, Yoshinori; Tachibana, Shogo; Karp, Allison T.; Grice, Kliti; Holman, Alex I.; Freeman, Katherine H.¹; Yurimoto, Hisayoshi; Nakamura, Tomoki; Noguchi, Takaaki; Okazaki, Ryuji; Yabuta, Hikaru; Sakamoto, Kanako; Yada, Toru; Nishimura, Masahiro; Nakato, Aiko; Miyazaki, Akiko; Yogata, Kasumi; Abe, Masanao; Okada, Tatsuaki; Usui, Tomohiro; Yoshikawa, Makoto; Saiki, Takanao; Tanaka, Satoshi; Terui, Fuyuto; Nakazawa, Satoru; Watanabe, Sei-ichiro; Tsuda, Yuichi; Hamase, Kenji; Fukushima, Kazuhiko; Aoki, Dan; Hashiguchi, Minako; Mita, Hajime; Chikaraishi, Yoshito; Ohkouchi, Naohiko; Ogawa, Nanako O.; Sakai, Saburo; Parker, Eric T.; McLain, Hannah L.; Orthous-Daunay, Francois-Regis; Vuitton, Véronique; Wolters, Cédric; Schmitt-Kopplin, Philippe; Hertkorn, Norbert; Thissen, Roland; Ruf, Alexander; Isa, Junko; Oba, Yasuhiro; Koga, Toshiki; Yoshimura, Toshihiro; Araoka, Daisuke; Sugahara, Haruna; Furusho, Aogu; Furukawa, Yoshihiro; Aoki, Junken; Kano, Kuniyuki; Nomura, Shin-ichiro M.; Sasaki, Kazunori; Sato, Hajime; Yoshikawa, Takaaki; Tanaka, Satoru; Morita, Mayu; Onose, Morihiko; Kabashima, Fumie; Fujishima, Kosuke; Yamazaki, Tomoya; Kimura, Yuki; Eiler, John M.¹

1. California Institute of Technology

Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contain ≲20% of the carbon in the interstellar medium. They are potentially produced in circumstellar environments (at temperatures ≳1000 kelvin), by (~10 kelvin) interstellar clouds, or by processing of carbon-rich dust grains. We report isotopic properties of PAHs extracted from samples of the asteroid Ryugu and the meteorite Murchison. The doubly-¹³C substituted compositions (Δ2× ¹³C values) of the PAHs naphthalene, fluoranthene, and pyrene are 9 to 51‰ higher than values expected for a stochastic distribution of isotopes. The Δ2× ¹³C values are higher than expected if the PAHs formed in a circumstellar environment, but consistent with formation in the interstellar medium. By contrast, the PAHs phenanthrene and anthracene in Ryugu samples have Δ2× ¹³C values consistent with formation by higher-temperature reactions.

Copyright and License

© 2023 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. This is an article distributed under the terms of the Science Journals Default License.

Acknowledgement

We thank G. Blake, K. Oberg, L. Nittler, and L. Remusat for enlightening discussions. N. Kitchen, A. Sessions, and F. Wu provided invaluable experimental insights. T. Csernica, E. Mueller, G. Weiss, P. Martin, M. Lloyd, A. Hilkert, K. Ayzikov, and C. Neubauer contributed to the development of the data analysis software. We thank the project members of the Extraterrestrial Samples Curation Center (ESCuC) and the Astromaterials Science Research Group (ASRG) at Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) for the sample processes. This project was supported by the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales focus on Hayabusa2. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory is operated by the California Institute of Technology under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NM0018D0004).

Funding

S.S.Z. was funded by the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship. S.S.Z., A.E.H., and J.M.E. were funded by the NASA Emerging Worlds Grant (18-EW18_2-0084). S.S.Z., S.B., and J.M.E. were funded by the Simons Foundation Collaboration on the Origins of Life. J.M.E. was funded by the US Department of Energy BES Grant (DE-SC0016561). J.C.A., J.P.D., D.P.G., E.T.P., and J.E.E. were funded by the NASA Consortium for Hayabusa2 Analysis of Organic Solubles. H.N. and Y.Ta. were funded by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (grants 21KK0062 to Y.Ta; 20H00202, JP20H00202, and JP20H05846 to H.Nar.). K.G. was funded by the Australian Research Council through a Discovery Outstanding Research Award (DP130100577) and ARC Laureate fellowship (FL210100103).

Contributions

Conceptualization: S.S.Z., J.C.A., J.M.E., H.N., Y.T., and J.P.D. Methodology: S.S.Z., A.E.H., G.D., and J.M.E. Investigation: S.S.Z., J.M.E., S.B., A.E.H., G.D., J.C.A., J.P.D., D.P.G., J.E.E., H.V.G., H.N., Y.Tac., S.Tac., A.T.K., A.I.H., K.G., K.H.F., H.Yu., T.Na., T.No., R.O., H.Ya., K.Sak., T.Yad., M.N., A.N., A.M., K.Y., M.A., T.O., T.U., M.Y., T.S., SatoshiT., F.T., S.N., S.W., Y.Ts., K.H., K.Fuk., D.Ao., M.H., H.M., Y.C., N.O., N.O.O., S.S., E.T.P., H.L.M,. F.-R.O.-D., V.V., R.T., C.W., P.S.K., A.R., T.K., J.I., N.H., Y.O., T.Yoshimura, D.Ara., H.S., A.F., K.Sas., H.Sa., Y.F., J.A., K.K., S.M.N., T.Yoshikawa, SatoruT., M.M., M.O., F.K., K.Fuj., T.Yam., and Y.K. Visualization: S.S.Z. and S.B. Data analysis: S.S.Z., A.E.H., G.D., S.B., and J.M.E. Modeling: S.S.Z., S.B., and J.M.E. Funding acquisition: S.S.Z., A.E.H., J.M.E., and J.P.D. Project administration: S.S.Z., J.M.E., J.C.A., J.P.D., S.Tac., H.N., and Y.T. Supervision: J.M.E. and J.P.D. Writing – original draft: S.S.Z., S.B., and J.M.E. Writing – review and editing: All authors

Data Availability

Summary processed isotope measurements are listed in Tables 1 and S3-S4. Raw experimental data are archived at Zenodo (50) in a form that complies with ISAS data policies (www.isas.jaxa.jp/en/researchers/data-policy/). Additional raw data and properties of the asteroid Ryugu are available in the Hayabusa2 Science Data Archives (DARTS, https://www.darts.isas.jaxa.jp/planet/project/hayabusa2/). Samples of the Ryugu asteroid were allocated by the JAXA Astromaterials Science Research Group; the sample catalog is available at https://darts.isas.jaxa.jp/curation/hayabusa2/ and distribution for analysis is through Announcements of Opportunity available at https://jaxa-ryugu-sample-ao.net. Samples of the Murchison meteorite were obtained from Clifford Matthew at the Field Museum in Chicago, IL (31). The solvent extracted organic fractions of Ryugu and Murchison were fully consumed during the analyses in this study and in previous work (31), respectively. The larger chip of Murchison from which the sample was taken remains at the Field Museum.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

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Resource type: Journal Article
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science
Published in: Science, 382(6677), 1411-1416, ISSN: 0036-8075.
Languages: English