Eta Carinae (η Car) exhibits a unique set of P Cygni profiles with both broad and narrow components. Over many decades, the spectrum has changed—there has been an increase in observed continuum fluxes and a decrease in Fe ii and H i emission-line equivalent widths. The spectrum is evolving toward that of a P Cygni star such as P Cygni itself and HDE 316285. The spectral evolution has been attributed to intrinsic variations such as a decrease in the mass-loss rate of the primary star or differential evolution in a latitudinal-dependent stellar wind. However, intrinsic wind changes conflict with three observational results: the steady long-term bolometric luminosity; the repeating X-ray light curve over the binary period; and the constancy of the dust-scattered spectrum from the Homunculus. We extend previous work that showed a secular strengthening of P Cygni absorptions by adding more orbital cycles to overcome temporary instabilities and by examining more atomic transitions. cmfgen modeling of the primary wind shows that a time-decreasing mass-loss rate is not the best explanation for the observations. However, models with a small dissipating absorber in our line of sight can explain both the increase in brightness and changes in the emission and P Cygni absorption profiles. If the spectral evolution is caused by the dissipating circumstellar medium, and not by intrinsic changes in the binary, the dynamical timescale to recover from the Great Eruption is much less than a century, different from previous suggestions.
The Long-term Spectral Changes of Eta Carinae: Are they Caused by a Dissipating Occulter as Indicated by cmfgen Models?
- Creators
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Damineli, Augusto1
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Hillier, Desmond J.2
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Navarete, Felipe3
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Moffat, Anthony F. J.4
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Weigelt, Gerd5
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Corcoran, Michael F.6, 7
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Gull, Theodore. R.6
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Richardson, Noel D.8
- Ho, Peter9
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Madura, Thomas I.10
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Espinoza-Galeas, David11
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Hartman, Henrik12
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Morris, Patrick13, 14
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Pickett, Connor S.8
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Stevens, Ian R.15
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Russell, Christopher M. P.16
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Hamaguchi, Kenji6, 17
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Jablonski, Francisco J.18
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Teodoro, Mairan19
- McGee, Padric20, 21
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Cacella, Paulo21
- Heathcote, Bernard21
- Harrison, Ken M.21
- Johnston, Mark21
- Bohlsen, Terry21
- Di Scala, Giorgio21
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1.
Universidade de São Paulo
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2.
University of Pittsburgh
- 3. SOAR Telescope/NSF's NOIRLab, Avenida Juan Cisternas 1500, 1700000, La Serena, Chile
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4.
University of Montreal
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5.
Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
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6.
Goddard Space Flight Center
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7.
Catholic University of America
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8.
Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University
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9.
University of California, Santa Cruz
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10.
San Jose State University
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11.
National Autonomous University of Honduras
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12.
Malmö University
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13.
California Institute of Technology
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14.
Infrared Processing and Analysis Center
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15.
University of Birmingham
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16.
University of Delaware
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17.
University of Maryland, Baltimore County
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18.
National Institute for Space Research
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19.
Space Telescope Science Institute
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20.
University of Adelaide
- 21. SASER Team, 269 Domain Road, South Yarra, Vic 3141, Australia
Abstract
Copyright and License
© 2023. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.
Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Acknowledgement
We thank D.S.C. Damineli for adapting our plots for color-blind people. A.D. thanks CNPq (301490/2019-8) and FAPESP (2011/51680-6) for their support. The work of F.N. is supported by NOIRLab, which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. A.F.J.M. is grateful for the financial aid from NSERC (Canada). This work is partially based on observations collected with the facilities listed below. D.J.H. gratefully acknowledges support from STScI grants HST-AR-14568.001-A and HST-AR-16131.001-A. C.M.P.R. acknowledges support from NATA ATP grant 80NSSC22K0628 and NASA Chandra Theory grant TM2-23003X.
Based on observations collected at the European Southern Observatory, Chile under Program IDs: UVES: 60.A-9022(A), 70.D-0607(A), 71.D-0168(A), 072.D-0524(A), 074.D-0141(A), 077.D-0618(A), 380.D-0036(A), 381.D-0004(A),282.D-5073(A, B, C, D, E), 089.D-0024(A), 592.D-0047(A, B, C). The first three programs were described in Stahl et al. (2005) and the others in Mehner et al. (2015); FEROS (partial list): 00.A-0000(A), 69.D-0378(A), 69.D-0381(A), 71.D-0554(A),079.D-0564(C), 079.A-9201(A), 081.D-2008(A), 082.A-9208(A), 082.A-9209(A), 082.A-9210(A), 083.D-0589(A), 086.D-0997(A), 087.D-0946(A),089.D-0975(A), 098.A-9007(A). Spectra can be downloaded from the ESO database by using the instrument name (UVES or FEROS) plus the Julian Date provided in the online, machine-readable version of Table 2.
Based on observations made at the Coudé focus of the 1.6 m telescope for the Observatório do Pico dos Dias/LNA (Brazil).
Based in part on data from Mt. John University Observatory: MJUO—University of Canterbury—New Zealand).
Based in part on observations obtained through NOIRLab (formerly NOAO) allocations of NOAO-09B-153, NOAO-12A-216, NOAO-12B-194, NOAO-13B-328, NOAO-15A-0109, NOAO-18A-0295, NOAO-19B204, NOIRLab-20A-0054, and NOIRLab-21B-0334. This research has used data from the CTIO/SMARTS 1.5 m telescope, which is operated as part of the SMARTS Consortium by RECONS (www.recons.org) members Todd Henry, Hodari James, Wei-Chun Jao, and Leonardo Paredes. At the telescope, observations were carried out by Roberto Aviles and Rodrigo Hernadez.
Based on observations obtained at the international Gemini Observatory, a program of NSF NOIRLab, which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation on behalf of the Gemini Observatory partnership: the National Science Foundation (United States), National Research Council (Canada), Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (Chile), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (Argentina), Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações (Brazil), and Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (Republic of Korea).
Based on observations with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, obtained (from the Data Archive) at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-26555. These two observations are associated with programs 8619 and 15067—P.I.: K. Davidson—link: https://mast.stsci.edu/search/ui#/hst.
The ESO/UVES and Gemini S/GMOS spectra used in this paper were downloaded from the HST Treasury Project archive at http://etacar.umn.edu/.
We acknowledge with thanks the variable star observations from https://www.aavso.org/ contributed by observers worldwide and used in this research.
Facilities
Gemini:South - Gemini South Telescope, ESO:1.52m - European Southern Observatory's 1.52 meter Telescope, LNA:1.6m - Laboratorio Nacional de Astrofisica's 1.6 meter Perkin-Elmer Telescope, LCOGT - Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope, HST - Hubble Space Telescope satellite, CTIO:1.5m - Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory's 1.5 meter Telescope, MtJohn:1m - Mt. John University Observatory 1m Telescope.
Data Availability
A complete version of Table 2 is available in the online journal in a machine-readable format following the CDS/VizieR standards.
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Additional details
- Alternative title
- The apparent eta Carinae's long-term evolution and the critical role played by the strengthening of P Cygni absorption lines
- National Council for Scientific and Technological Development
- 301490/2019-8
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- 2011/51680-6
- NSF's NOIRLab
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council
- Space Telescope Science Institute
- HST-AR-14568.001-A
- Space Telescope Science Institute
- HST-AR-16131.001-A
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- 80NSSC22K0628
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- NASA Chandra Theory TM2-23003X
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- NAS 5-26555
- Accepted
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2023-06-30
- Available
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2023-08-23Published
- Caltech groups
- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC), Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy (PMA)
- Publication Status
- Published