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Published April 18, 2024 | Published
Journal Article Open

Methane emission from a cool brown dwarf

Abstract

Beyond our Solar System, aurorae have been inferred from radio observations of isolated brown dwarfs1,2. Within our Solar System, giant planets have auroral emission with signatures across the electromagnetic spectrum including infrared emission of H3+ and methane. Isolated brown dwarfs with auroral signatures in the radio have been searched for corresponding infrared features, but only null detections have been reported3. CWISEP J193518.59-154620.3. (W1935 for short) is an isolated brown dwarf with a temperature of approximately 482 K. Here we report James Webb Space Telescope observations of strong methane emission from W1935 at 3.326 μm. Atmospheric modelling leads us to conclude that a temperature inversion of approximately 300 K centred at 1–10 mbar replicates the feature. This represents an atmospheric temperature inversion for a Jupiter-like atmosphere without irradiation from a host star. A plausible explanation for the strong inversion is heating by auroral processes, although other internal and external dynamical processes cannot be ruled out. The best-fitting model rules out the contribution of H3+ emission, which is prominent in Solar System gas giants. However, this is consistent with rapid destruction of H3+ at the higher pressure where the W1935 emission originates4.

Copyright and License

© The Author(s) 2024. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Acknowledgement

J.F. acknowledges the Heising Simons Foundation, the National Science Foundation (Award Nos. 2009177 and 1909776) and NASA (Award No. 80NSSC22K0142). B.B. acknowledges support from the UK Research and Innovation Science and Technology Facilities Council (Grant No. ST/X001091/1). J.M.V. acknowledges support from a university research fellowship funded by the Royal Society and Science Foundation Ireland (URF\1\221932). Portions of this research were carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with NASA.

Contributions

J.K.F. oversaw all work including data reduction, analysis and modelling. B.B. completed the atmospheric retrieval. J.G. extracted the radial velocity of the source. G.S., J.M.V., S.A.M. and R.K. contributed to the SED analysis. C.V.M., B.L., M.R. and E.G.-N. contributed to the modelling analysis. D.C., J.D.K., A.M., A.C.S., M.J.K., D.C.B.G., C.B., P.E., C.R.G., E.G., F.M., A.J.R. and N.W. were all part of the original JWST GO programme 2124 proposal, which led to this data.

Data Availability

The JWST data in this paper are part of GO programme 2124 (principal investigator: J.K.F.) and are publicly available from MAST (archive.stsci.edu/) under that programme ID. The HST WFC3 spectrum of W2220 is available from ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...804...92S/abstract.

Extended Data Fig. 1 The Spitzer color-magnitude diagram for cold brown dwarfs.

Extended Data Fig. 2 The retrieved composition of W2220, along with gravity, and derived quantities for mass, radius, metallicity and C/O.

Extended Data Fig. 3 The retrieved thermal profiles for W2220 with and without an inversion.

Extended Data Fig. 4 The JWST G395H spectrum for W2220.

Extended Data Fig. 5 The retrieved composition of W1935, along with gravity, and derived quantities for mass, radius, metallicity and C/O.

Extended Data Fig. 6 The contribution functions for W1935 and W2220 maximum likelihood retrieval models.

Extended Data Table 1 Parameters of interest for W1935 and W2220

Code Availability

The data reduction pipeline jwst can be found at jwst-pipeline.readthedocs.io/en/latest/. The Brewster code is open source and available at the following GitHub repository: github.com/substellar/brewster. Similarly, the SEDkit code is open source and available at github.com/hover2pi/sedkit. The set-up that yields the results presented herein is discussed in the Methods.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

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Additional details

Created:
April 19, 2024
Modified:
April 19, 2024