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Published October 17, 2023 | Published
Journal Article Open

Visible-to-mid-IR tunable frequency comb in nanophotonics

Abstract

Optical frequency comb is an enabling technology for a multitude of applications from metrology to ranging and communications. The tremendous progress in sources of optical frequency combs has mostly been centered around the near-infrared spectral region, while many applications demand sources in the visible and mid-infrared, which have so far been challenging to achieve, especially in nanophotonics. Here, we report widely tunable frequency comb generation using optical parametric oscillators in lithium niobate nanophotonics. We demonstrate sub-picosecond frequency combs tunable beyond an octave extending from 1.5 up to 3.3 μm with femtojoule-level thresholds on a single chip. We utilize the up-conversion of the infrared combs to generate visible frequency combs reaching 620 nm on the same chip. The ultra-broadband tunability and visible-to-mid-infrared spectral coverage of our source highlight a practical and universal path for the realization of efficient frequency comb sources in nanophotonics, overcoming their spectral sparsity.

Copyright and License

© The Author(s) 2023. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Acknowledgement

The device nanofabrication was performed at the Kavli Nanoscience Institute (KNI) at Caltech. This work was supported by a NASA Space Technology Graduate Research Opportunities Award. The authors thank NTT Research for their financial and technical support. The authors thank Dr. Mahmood Bagheri for loaning the Mid-IR optical spectrum analyzer. The authors gratefully acknowledge support from ARO grant no. W911NF-23-1-0048, AFOSR award FA9550-20-1-0040, NSF Grant No. 1846273, and 1918549, NASA, and Center for Sensing to Intelligence at Caltech.

Contributions

These authors contributed equally: Arkadev Roy, Luis Ledezma.

A.R., L.L., L.C. and R.G. performed the experiments. L.L. fabricated the chip with help from R.S. A.R., L.L. and R.G. performed the numerical simulations. Q.G., M.L. and R.M.B. contributed to the design, discussions, and debugging. A.R. and A.M. wrote the manuscript with input from all authors. A.M. supervised the project.

Data Availability

Source data are available for this paper and can be found at the Figshare link. All other data that support the plots within this paper and other findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Code Availability

The codes that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Conflict of Interest

L.L., R.M.B., and A.M. are inventors on granted U.S. patent 11,226,538 covering thin-film optical parametric oscillators. L.L., A.M., A.R., R.S., and R.G. are inventors on a U.S. provisional patent application filed by the California Institute of Technology (application number 63/466,188) on 12 May 2023. L.L., A.M., and R.G. are inventors on a U.S. provisional patent application filed by the California Institute of Technology (application number 63/434,015) on 20 December 2022. L.L. and A.M. are involved in developing photonic integrated nonlinear circuits at PINC Technologies Inc. L.L. and A.M. have an equity interest in PINC Technologies Inc. The other authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Additional details

Created:
October 19, 2023
Modified:
October 19, 2023