Published July 20, 2023 | Version Published
Journal Article Open

pygwb: A Python-based Library for Gravitational-wave Background Searches

  • 1. ROR icon California Institute of Technology
  • 2. ROR icon Vrije Universiteit Brussel
  • 3. ROR icon Massachusetts Institute of Technology
  • 4. ROR icon University of Antwerp
  • 5. ROR icon Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics
  • 6. ROR icon King's College London
  • 7. ROR icon Pennsylvania State University
  • 8. ROR icon Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur
  • 9. ROR icon Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics
  • 10. ROR icon Charles Sturt University
  • 11. ROR icon Tamkang University
  • 12. ROR icon Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris
  • 13. ROR icon Astroparticle and Cosmology Laboratory
  • 14. ROR icon Northwestern University
  • 15. ROR icon University of Chicago
  • 16. ROR icon Université Catholique de Louvain
  • 17. ROR icon University of Naples Federico II
  • 18. ROR icon INFN Sezione di Napoli
  • 19. ROR icon American University
  • 20. ROR icon Texas Tech University
  • 21. ROR icon University of Minnesota
  • 22. ROR icon Institute for High Energy Physics
  • 23. ROR icon University of Florida
  • 24. ROR icon University of Pisa
  • 25. ROR icon INFN Sezione di Pisa
  • 26. ROR icon Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules

Abstract

The collection of gravitational waves (GWs) that are either too weak or too numerous to be individually resolved is commonly referred to as the gravitational-wave background (GWB). A confident detection and model-driven characterization of such a signal will provide invaluable information about the evolution of the universe and the population of GW sources within it. We present a new, user-friendly, Python-based package for GW data analysis to search for an isotropic GWB in ground-based interferometer data. We employ cross-correlation spectra of GW detector pairs to construct an optimal estimator of the Gaussian and isotropic GWB, and Bayesian parameter estimation to constrain GWB models. The modularity and clarity of the code allow for both a shallow learning curve and flexibility in adjusting the analysis to one's own needs. We describe the individual modules that make up pygwb, following the traditional steps of stochastic analyses carried out within the LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA Collaboration. We then describe the built-in pipeline that combines the different modules and validate it with both mock data and real GW data from the O3 Advanced LIGO and Virgo observing run. We successfully recover all mock data injections and reproduce published results.

Copyright and License

© 2023. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

Acknowledgement

The author list of this paper includes, in order: all pygwb code authors, in order of successful GitLab merge requests, at the time of writing; code reviewers; and testers, in alphabetical order.

We would like to thank the LVK stochastic group for its continued support. Special thanks to G. Cella and J. Suresh for valuable comments on the manuscript.

A.I.R. is supported by the NSF award 1912594. A.R.R. is supported in part by the Strategic Research Program "High-Energy Physics" of the Research Council of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and by the iBOF "Unlocking the Dark Universe with Gravitational Wave Observations: from Quantum Optics to Quantum Gravity" of the Vlaamse Interuniversitaire Raad and by the FWO IRI grant I002123N "Essential Technologies for the Einstein Telescope." K.T. is supported by FWO-Vlaanderen through grant No. 1179522N. P.M.M. is supported by the NANOGrav Physics Frontiers Center, National Science Foundation (NSF), award number 2020265. L.T. is supported by the National Science Foundation through OAC-2103662 and PHY-2011865. K.J. is supported by FWO-Vlaanderen via grant number 11C5720N. F.D.L. is supported by an FRIA Grant of the Belgian Fund for Research, F.R.S.-FNRS. J.L. was supported by NSF Award PHY-2207270. D.D. is supported by the NSF as a part of the LIGO Laboratory. A.M. is supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 754510. J.D.R. was supported in part by NSF Award PHY-2207270 and startup funds provided by Texas Tech University. V.M. was supported in part by the NSF award PHY-2110238.

This material is based upon work supported by NSF's LIGO Laboratory, which is a major facility fully funded by the National Science Foundation. LIGO was constructed by the California Institute of Technology and Massachusetts Institute of Technology with funding from the National Science Foundation, and operates under cooperative agreement PHY-1764464. Advanced LIGO was built under award PHY-0823459. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the support of the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) of the United Kingdom, the Max-Planck-Society (MPS), and the State of Niedersachsen/Germany for support of the construction of Advanced LIGO and construction and operation of the GEO 600 detector. Additional support for Advanced LIGO was provided by the Australian Research Council. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) for the construction and operation of the Virgo detector and the creation and support of the EGO consortium. The authors also gratefully acknowledge research support from these agencies as well as from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research of India, the Department of Science and Technology, India, the Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB), India, the Ministry of Human Resource Development, India, the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and Ministerio de Universidades, the Conselleria de Fons Europeus, Universitat i Cultura and the Direcció General de Política Universitaria i Recerca del Govern de les Illes Balears, the Conselleria d'Innovación, Universitats, Ciéncia i Societat Digital de la Generalitat Valenciana and the CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain, the National Science Centre of Poland and the European Union—European Regional Development Fund; Foundation for Polish Science (FNP), the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the Russian Science Foundation, the European Commission, the European Social Funds (ESF), the European Regional Development Funds (ERDF), the Royal Society, the Scottish Funding Council, the Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA), the French Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO), the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FRS-FNRS), Actions de Recherche Concert'es (ARC) and Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek—Vlaanderen (FWO), Belgium, the Paris Île-de-France Region, the National Research, Development and Innovation Office Hungary (NKFIH), the National Research Foundation of Korea, the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council Canada, Canadian Foundation for Innovation (CFI), the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovations, the International Center for Theoretical Physics South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR), the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), the Leverhulme Trust, the Research Corporation, the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan, the United States Department of Energy, and the Kavli Foundation. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the NSF, STFC, INFN, and CNRS for the provision of computational resources The authors are grateful for computational resources provided by the LIGO Laboratory and supported by NSF Grants PHY-0757058 and PHY-0823459. This work carries LIGO document number P2300048.

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Additional details

Identifiers

ISSN
1538-4357

Funding

National Science Foundation
PHY-1912594
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
Vlaamse Interuniversitaire Raad
Research Foundation - Flanders
I002123N
Research Foundation - Flanders
1179522N
National Science Foundation
PHY-2020265
National Science Foundation
OAC-2103662
National Science Foundation
PHY-2011865
Research Foundation - Flanders
11C5720N
Fund for Scientific Research
National Science Foundation
PHY-2207270
European Research Council
Marie Skłodowska-Curie Fellowship 754510
National Science Foundation
PHY-2207270
Texas Tech University
National Science Foundation
PHY-2110238
National Science Foundation
PHY-1764464
National Science Foundation
PHY-0823459
Science and Technology Facilities Council
Max Planck Society
Australian Research Council
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
National Council for Scientific Research
Dutch Research Council
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
Department of Science & Technology
Science and Engineering Research Board
Ministry of Human Resource Development
Agencia Estatal de Investigación
Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades
Consellería de Cultura, Educación, Formación Profesional e Universidades
Govern de les Illes Balears
Generalitat Valenciana
Government of Catalonia
National Science Center
European Union
European Regional Development Fund
Foundation for Polish Science
Swiss National Science Foundation
Russian Foundation for Basic Research
Russian Science Foundation
European Commission
European Social Funds
Royal Society
Scottish Funding Council
Scottish Universities Physics Alliance
Hungarian Scientific Research Fund
National Research, Development and Innovation Office
National Research Foundation of Korea
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation
ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research
University Grants Committee
National Natural Science Foundation of China
Leverhulme Trust
Research Corporation for Science Advancement
National Science and Technology Council
United States Department of Energy
The Kavli Foundation
National Science Foundation
PHY-0757058
National Science Foundation
PHY-0823459

Caltech Custom Metadata

Caltech groups
LIGO, TAPIR
Other Numbering System Name
LIGO Document
Other Numbering System Identifier
P2300048