Published April 30, 2024 | Published
Journal Article Open

Low-latency gravitational wave alert products and their performance at the time of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run

Abstract

Multimessenger searches for binary neutron star (BNS) and neutron star-black hole (NSBH) mergers are currently one of the most exciting areas of astronomy. The search for joint electromagnetic and neutrino counterparts to gravitational wave (GW)s has resumed with ALIGO’s, AdVirgo’s and KAGRA’s fourth observing run (O4). To support this effort, public semiautomated data products are sent in near real-time and include localization and source properties to guide complementary observations. In preparation for O4, we have conducted a study using a simulated population of compact binaries and a mock data challenge (MDC) in the form of a real-time replay to optimize and profile the software infrastructure and scientific deliverables. End-toend performance was tested, including data ingestion, running online search pipelines, performing annotations, and issuing alerts to the astrophysics community. We present an overview of the low-latency infrastructure and the performance of the data products that are now being released during O4 based on the MDC. We report the expected median latency for the preliminary alert of full bandwidth searches (29.5 s) and show consistency and accuracy of released data products using the MDC. We report the expected median latency for triggers from early warning searches (−3.1 s), which are new in O4 and target neutron star mergers during inspiral phase. This paper provides a performance overview for LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA (LVK) low-latency alert infrastructure and data products using theMDCand serves as a useful reference for the interpretation of O4 detections.

Copyright and License

© 2024 the Author(s). Published by PNAS. This article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND).

Acknowledgement

Software and data products required to reproduce figures will be provided upon reasonable request to the authors. We thank Varun Bhalerao for review of this paper. We thank the MBTA team for their contributions and for allowing the use of their pipeline data. We are grateful for computational resources provided by LIGO Laboratory and are supported by NSF Grants No. PHY-0757058 and No. PHY0823459. This material is based upon work supported by NSF’s LIGO Laboratory, which is a major facility fully funded by the NSF. This work used Expanse at the San Diego Supercomputer Cluster through allocation AST200029—“Towards a complete catalog of variable sources to support efficient searches for compact binary mergers and their products” from the Advanced Cyberinfrastructure Coordination Ecosystem: Services & Support (ACCESS) program, which is supported by NSF grants #2138259, #2138286, #2138307, #2137603, and #2138296. A.T. and M.W.C. acknowledge support from the NSF with grant numbers PHY-2010970 and OAC-2117997. S.S.C. and M.C. acknowledge support from the NSF with grant number PHY-2011334 and PHY-2308693. M.C. would also acknowledge support from NSF PHY-2219212. D.C. would like to acknowledge support from the NSF grants OAC-2117997 and PHY-1764464. E.K., E.M., G.M. would like to acknowledge support from NSF Grant PHY-1764464. S.M. acknowledges support from JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Transformative Research Areas (A) No. 23H04891 and No. 23H04893. S.A. thanks the MITI CNRS for their financial support. S.G. acknowledges NSF PHY-2110576. N.A., P.B., A.B., P.B., Y.K.C., C.M., and J.C. acknowledge NSF PHY-2207728. T.D. and V.V.O. have received financial support from Xunta de Galicia (CIGUS Network of research centers), by European Union ERDF and by the “María de Maeztu” Units of Excellence program CEX2020-001035-M and the Spanish Research State Agency, and are supported by the research grant PID2020-118635GB-I00 from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación.

Contributions

S.S.C., A.T., G.W., G.M., D.C., S.A., P.B., M.W.C., R.E., S.G., S.M., P.B., A.B., N.A., P.B., G.C.D., T.D.C., M.C., J.C., S.C., Y.-K.C., P.C., L.D., T.D., M.D., B.E., P.G., W.G., C.H., R.H., I.H., E.K., M.K., A.K.Y.L., R.M., E.M., D.M., C.M., X.M.-A., A.P., R.D.P., B.P., S.R., S.S., L.P.S., D.S., M.S., D.T., M.T., L.T., V.V.-O., L.W., and D.W. designed research; S.S.C., A.T., G.W., G.M., D.C., S.A., P.B., M.W.C., R.E., S.G., S.M., P.B., A.B., N.A., P.B., G.C.D., T.D.C., M.C., J.C., S.C., Y.-K.C., P.C., L.D., T.D., M.D., B.E., P.G., W.G., C.H., R.H., I.H., E.K., M.K., A.K.Y.L., R.M., E.M., D.M., C.M., X.M.-A., A.P., R.D.P., B.P., S.R., S.S., L.P.S., D.S., M.S., D.T., M.T., L.T., V.V.-O., L.W., and D.W. performed research; S.S.C., A.T., G.W., G.M., D.C., S.A., M.W.C., S.G., and S.M. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; S.S.C., A.T., G.W., G.M., D.C., S.A., M.W.C., S.G., S.M., P.B., A.B., N.A., and Y.-K.C. analyzed data; and S.S.C., A.T., G.W., G.M., D.C., S.A., M.W.C., S.G., S.M., and N.A. wrote the paper.

Data Availability

The entire mock data challenge consists of a number of cycles each with 40 d of replayed GW strain data with frequent injections. A single trigger alone on an injection contains a large set of data products and outputs, so for logistical reasons it would be best to only release very specific and reduced portions of our data. Software and data products required to reproduce figures will be provided upon reasonable request to the authors.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no competing interest.

Files

chaudhary-et-al-2024-low-latency-gravitational-wave-alert-products-and-their-performance-at-the-time-of-the-fourth-ligo.pdf

Additional details

Created:
April 24, 2024
Modified:
May 6, 2024