ZTF-observed late-time signals of pre-ZTF transients

Abstract

Copyright and License

© The Authors 2025. Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Acknowledgement

We thank Peter Clark, Morgan Fraser, and Mariusz Gromadzki for helpful discussions. JHT and KM acknowledge support from EU H2020 ERC grant no. 758638. PW acknowledges support from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) grants ST/R000506/1 and ST/Y001850/1. Based on observations obtained with the Samuel Oschin Telescope 48-inch and the 60-inch Telescope at the Palomar Observatory as part of the Zwicky Transient Facility project. ZTF is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grants No. AST-1440341 and AST-2034437 and a collaboration including current partners Caltech, IPAC, the Oskar Klein Center at Stockholm University, the University of Maryland, University of California, Berkeley, the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, University of Warwick, Ruhr University, Cornell University, Northwestern University and Drexel University. Operations are conducted by COO, IPAC, and UW. The Pan-STARRS1 Surveys (PS1) and the PS1 public science archive have been made possible through contributions by the Institute for Astronomy, the University of Hawaii, the Pan-STARRS Project Office, the Max-Planck Society and its participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, The Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the University of Edinburgh, the Queen’s University Belfast, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the National Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant No. NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation Grant No. AST-1238877, the University of Maryland, Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE), the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia (https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement. The intermediate Palomar Transient Factory project is a scientific collaboration among the California Institute of Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, the University of Wisconsin (Milwaukee), the Oskar Klein Centre, the Weizmann Institute of Science, the TANGO Program of the University System of Taiwan, and the Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe. ASAS-SN is funded by Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation grants GBMF5490 and GBMF10501 and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation grant G-2021-14192. The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, through both the Data-Driven Investigator Program and a dedicated grant, provided critical funding for SkyPortal. The ztfquery code was funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement n°759194 – USNAC, PI: Rigault).

Data Availability

The full sample of objects used in this paper can be retrieved from https://github.com/JTerwel/pre-ZTF_transients, and the original object data can be retrieved from the Open Supernova Catalog⁵ and WISeREP⁶. The ZTF light curves were generated using FPBOT⁷. The binning program can be found at https://github.com/JTerwel/late-time_lc_binner, and SNAP can be found at https://github.com/JTerwel/SuperNova_Animation_Program.