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Published January 2025 | Published
Journal Article Open

HD 119130 b Is Not an "Ultradense" Sub-Neptune

  • 1. ROR icon University of California, Santa Cruz
  • 2. ROR icon University of Chicago
  • 3. ROR icon Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
  • 4. ROR icon University of La Laguna
  • 5. ROR icon NASA Exoplanet Science Institute
  • 6. ROR icon California Institute of Technology
  • 7. ROR icon University of California, Berkeley
  • 8. ROR icon Nicolaus Copernicus University
  • 9. ROR icon University College London
  • 10. ROR icon European Southern Observatory
  • 11. ROR icon Centro de Astrobiología

Abstract

We present a revised mass measurement for HD 119130 b (aka K2-292 b), a transiting planet (P = 17 days, Rp = 2.63_(−0.10)^(+0.11)R) orbiting a chromospherically inactive G dwarf, previously thought to be one of the densest sub-Neptunes known. Our follow-up Doppler observations with HARPS, HARPS-N, and HIRES reveal that HD 119130 b is, in fact, nearly one-third as massive as originally suggested by its initial confirmation paper. Our revised analysis finds Mp = 8.8 ± 3.2 M (Mp < 15.4 M at 98% confidence) compared to the previously reported Mp = 24.5 ± 4.4 M. While the true cause of the original mass measurement's inaccuracy remains uncertain, we present the plausible explanation that the planet's radial velocity (RV) semiamplitude was inflated due to constructive interference with a second, untreated sinusoidal signal in the data (possibly rotational modulation from the star). HD 119130 b illustrates the complexities of interpreting the RV orbits of small transiting planets. While RV mass measurements of such planets may be precise, they are not necessarily guaranteed to be accurate. This system serves as a cautionary tale as observers and theorists alike look to the exoplanet mass–radius diagram for insights into the physics of small-planet formation.

Copyright and License

© 2024. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.

Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

Acknowledgement

The authors thank the anonymous reviewer for the thoughtful report, which improved the manuscript.

The authors wish to recognize and acknowledge the very significant cultural role and reverence that Maunakea has always had within the indigenous Hawaiian community. We are most fortunate to have the opportunity to conduct observations from this sacred mountain, which is now colonized land.

J.M.A.M. thanks Jacob Bean for detailed comments that improved the manuscript. J.M.A.M. thanks the Keck-HIRES observers for obtaining data of HD 119130. In order of the number of observations contributed, the observers are: Judah Van Zandt, Fei Dai, Steven Giacalone, Rae Holcomb, Howard Isaacson, Corey Beard, Samuel Yee, Lauren Weiss, Jingwen Zhang, and Luke Bouma.

J.M.A.M. is supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Graduate Research Fellowship Program (GRFP) under grant No. DGE-1842400. J.M.A.M. and N.M.B. acknowledge support from NASA'S Interdisciplinary Consortia for Astrobiology Research (NNH19ZDA001N-ICAR) under award No. 19-ICAR19_2-0041.

V.V.E. is supported by UK's Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) through the STFC grants ST/W001136/1 and ST/S000216/1.

Support for this work was provided by NASA through the NASA Hubble Fellowship grant No. HF2-51559 awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract NAS5-26555.

This work used Expanse at the San Diego Supercomputer Center through allocation PHY220015 from the Advanced Cyberinfrastructure Coordination Ecosystem: Services & Support (ACCESS) program, which is supported by NSF grants 2138259, 2138286, 2138307, 2137603, and 2138296.

Some of the data presented herein were obtained at Keck Observatory, which is a private 501(c)3 non-profit organization operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W. M. Keck Foundation.

We acknowledge financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigación of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the ERDF "A way of making Europe" through project PID2021-125627OB-C32, and from the Center of Excellence "Severo Ochoa" award to the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias.

G.N. acknowledges financial support from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education program the "Excellence Initiative—Research University" conducted at the Centre of Excellence in Astrophysics and Astrochemistry of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń Poland. G.N. gratefully acknowledges the Centre of Informatics Tricity Academic Supercomputer and networK (CI TASK, Gdańsk, Poland) for computing resources (grant No. PT01016).

This work benefited from the 2023 Exoplanet Summer Program in the Other Worlds Laboratory (OWL) at the University of California, Santa Cruz, a program funded by the Heising-Simons Foundation.

Facilities

ESO:3.6m - European Southern Observatory's 3.6 meter Telescope (HARPS) - , TNG - Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (HARPS-N) - , Keck:I - KECK I Telescope (HIRES) - .

Software References

exoplanet (D. Foreman-Mackey et al. 2020), matplotlib (J. D. Hunter 2007), numpy (C. R. Harris et al. 2020), pandas (pandas development team 2020), Python 3 (G. Van Rossum & F. L. Drake 2009), RadVel (B. J. Fulton et al. 2018), RVSearch (L. J. Rosenthal et al. 2021).

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Additional details

Created:
December 21, 2024
Modified:
December 21, 2024